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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

primary sex organs

produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete hormones

A

Gonads

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2
Q

Gonads: testes

A

Males

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3
Q

Gonads: Ovaries

A

Female

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4
Q

What does the testes produce

A

Sperm

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5
Q

What does the ovaries produce

A

Ova (eggs)

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6
Q

Duct system

Name 3

A

Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Urethra

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7
Q

Male Accessory organs

Name 3

A

Seminal glands (vesicles)
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

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8
Q

Male External Genitalia

Name 2

A

Penis
Scrotum

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9
Q

Each testis is connected to the trunk via the _______?

A

spermatic cord

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10
Q

Spermatic cord houses the ff:

Name 3

A

Blood vessels
Nerves
Ductus Deferens

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11
Q

Covering of the testes: Capsule that surrounds each testis

A

Tunica Albuginea

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12
Q

Covering of the testes: Extensions of the capsule that extend into the
testis and divide it into lobules

A

Septa

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13
Q

Each lobule contains one to four seminiferous tubules. What are its 3 functions?

A

o Tightly coiled structures
o Function as sperm-forming factories
o Empty sperm into rete testis

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14
Q

Sperm travels from the ____ to the ___

A

rete testis; epididymis

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15
Q

Sperm travels from the ____ to the ___

A

rete testis; epididymis

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16
Q

In the seminifurous tubules and produce androgens such as testosterone

A

Interstitial cells (Leydig cells)

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17
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Is testosterone an Androgen?

A

TRUE

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18
Q

This transport sperm from the body

System

A

Duct System

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19
Q
  • highly convoluted 6m (20 ft) long
  • found along the posterior lateral side of the testis
A

Epididymis

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20
Q
  • first part of the male duct system
  • temporary storage site for immature sperm
A

Epididymis

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20
Q
  • first part of the male duct system
  • temporary storage site for immature sperm
A

Epididymis

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21
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Sperm matures as they journey through the epididymis

A

TRUE

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22
Q
  • During ejaculation, sperm are propelled to the ____

d.d.

A

ductus deferens

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23
Q

runs from the epididymis via the spermatic cord through the
inguinal canal and arches over the urinary bladder

A

Ductus (vas) deferens

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24
Q

end of the ductus deferens, which empties
into the ejaculatory duct

A

Ampulla

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25
Q

passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra

A

Ejaculatory duct

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26
Q

The vas deferens moves sperm by ______ into the urethra

A

peristalsis

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27
Q

smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens
create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward

A

Ejaculation

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28
Q

cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes
prevents transportation of sperm (form of birth control)

A

Vasectomy

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29
Q
  • extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis
A

Urethra

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30
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Urethra carries urine ONLY

A

FALSE. Urethra carries both URINE and SPERM

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31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct

A

TRUE

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32
Q

URETHRA REGIONS
– surrounded by the prostate gland

A

Prostatic Urethra

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33
Q

URETHRA REGIONS

prostatic urethra to penis

A

Membranous Urethra

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34
Q

URETHRA REGIONS
runs the length of the penis
to the external urethral orifice

A

Spongy (penile) urethra

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35
Q

Ejaculation – causes the i____ to close

A

internal urethral sphincter

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36
Q

Ejaculation prevents what?

name 2

A

o prevents urine from passing into the urethra
o prevents sperm from entering the urinary bladder

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37
Q
  • located at the base of the bladder
  • produce a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen)
A

Seminal Vesicles

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38
Q

Seminal Vesicles produce a secretion that contains what?

name 4

A

o Fructose (sugar)
o Vitamin C
o Prostaglandins
Other substances that nourish and activate sperm

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39
Q

Pros§ groups of lipids that aide for helping in sperm viability
§ can also act as hormones that control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, formation of blood clot and induction of labor

A

Prostaglandins

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39
Q
  • encircles the upper (prostatic) part of the urethra
  • secretes a milky fluid
A

Prostate

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40
Q

Prostate secretes milky fluid

A

o helps to activate sperm
o fluid enters the urethra tthorugh several small ducts

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41
Q
  • pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
  • produce a thick, clear mucus
A

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

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42
Q

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS mucus functions to what?

A

o mucus cleanses the spongy (penile) urethra of acidic
urine prior to ejaculation
o mucus serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

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43
Q

milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

A

Semen

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44
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In the semen, the milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

A

TRUE

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45
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In the semen, sperm are streamlined cellular “tadpoles”

A

TRUE

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46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

fructose provides energy for sperm cells

A

TRUE

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47
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic
environment of vagina

A

TRUE

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48
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Semen inhibits bacteria

A

TRUE

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49
Q

o divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testes
o viable sperm cannot be produced at normal body temperature
o maintain testes at 3 degrees C lower than normal body temperatures

A

Scrotum

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50
Q

male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

A

Penis

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51
Q

internally there are three areas of __ tissue around the urethra

A

spongy erectile

erections occur when this erectile tissue fills with blood during sexual excitement

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52
Q

What are the 2 chief roles of male reproductive process

A

o produce sperm
o produce a hormone, testosterone

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53
Q

o begins at puberty and continues throughout life
o millions of sperm are made every day

A

Sperm production

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54
Q

Where are sperms formed?

also found in the testis

A

seminiferous tubules

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55
Q

begin the process of sperm
by dividing rapidly

A

Spermatogonia (primitive stem cells)

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56
Q

SPERM”

During puberty – ___ is secreted in increasing amounts

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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57
Q
  • Each division of a spermatogonium stem cell produces :

TYPES

A

TYPE A AND B DAUGTHER CELLS

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58
Q

Produce by spermatogonium cell; a stem cell that continues the stem cell population

A

Type A daughter cell

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59
Q

Produce by spermatogonium cell; this becomes a primary spermatocyte, destined to undergo meiosis and form four sperm

A

Type B daugther cell

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60
Q

are spermatids with 23 chromosomes

A

Gametes

o 23 chromosomes are half the usual 46 found in other
body cells
o 23 is known as the haploid number (n) – half the
genetic material as other body cells

61
Q

– nonmotile and not functional as sperm

A

Spermatids

62
Q

needed to strip excess cytoplasm
from a spermatid and modify it into a sperm

A

streamlining process

63
Q

A sperm has three regions

A
  • Head
  • Midpiece
  • Tail
64
Q

sits anterior to the sperm head (nucleus)

65
Q

The entire process of spermatogenesis, including spermiogenesis, takes how many days

A

64 to 72 days

66
Q

During puberty, this begins prodding
seminiferous tubules to produce sperm

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

67
Q

During puberty, begins activating the
interstitial cells to produce testosterone

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

68
Q

o most important hormonal product of the testes
o stimulates reproductive organ development
o underlies sex drive
o causes secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

69
Q

Female Duct System

name 3

A

o Uterine (fallopian tubes)
o Uterus
o Vagina

70
Q

produce eggs (ova) and hormones (estrogen and
progesterone)

71
Q

each ovary houses ovarian follicles consisting of :

A

o Oocyte (immature egg)
o Follicle cells

72
Q

layers of different cells that surround the oocyte

A

Follicle cells

73
Q

contains an immature oocyte

A

Primary Follicle

74
Q

growing follicle with a maturing oocyte

A

Vesicular (Graafian) Follicle

75
Q

o the follicle ruptures when the egg is mature and ready
to be ejected from the ovary
o occurs about every 28 days

76
Q

the ruptured follicle is transformed into a ___

A

corpus luteum

77
Q

Ovary support; secure the ovaries to the lateral walls of the pelvis

A

Suspensory Ligaments

78
Q

Ovary support; anchor ovaries to the uterus medially

A

Ovarian Ligaments

79
Q

o a fold of peritoneum, enclose and hold the ovaries in place

A

Broad Ligaments

80
Q
  • form the initial part of the duct system
  • receive the ovulated oocyte from the ovaries
A

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

81
Q

Structure of fallopian tube

2

A

o Infundibulum
o Fimbriae

81
Q
  • provide a site for fertilization
  • empty into the uterus
  • little or no contact between ovaries and uterine tubes
  • supported and enclosed by the broad ligament
A

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

82
Q

Structure of fallopian tube; distal, funnel-shaped end

A

Infundibulum

82
Q

Structure of fallopian tube; § fingerlike projections of the infundibulum
§ receive the oocyte from the ovary
§ Cilia

83
Q

located inside the urine tube transport the oocyte

84
Q

situated between the urinary bladder and rectum

85
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The size and shape of the uterus is a pear in a woman who has never been pregnant

86
Q
  • receives, retains, nourishes a fertilized egg
87
Q

Uterine Support: suspends the uterus in the pelvis

A

Broad Ligament

88
Q

Uterine Support; anchors the uterus anteriorly

A

Round Ligament

89
Q

Uterine Support; anchors the uterus posteriorly

A

Uterosacral Ligament

90
Q

What are the 3 regions of the uterus

A

Body
Fundus
Cervix

91
Q

Region of the uterus; main portion

92
Q

Region of the uterus; superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters

93
Q

region of the uterus; narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina

94
Q

Layers of the uterus

3

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

95
Q

Layers of the Uterus
§ Inner layer (mucosa)
§ site of implantation of a fertilized egg
§ sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menstruation
or menses

A

Endometrium

96
Q

Layers of the uterus; middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during labor

A

Myometrium

97
Q

Layers of the uterus; outermost serous layer of the uterus

A

Perimetrium (visceral peritoneum)

98
Q
  • passageway that extends from cervix to exterior of body
    and is located between urinary bladder and rectum
  • serves as the canal that allows a baby or menstrual flow to
    leave the body
99
Q
  • female organ of copulation
  • receives the penis during sexual intercourse
100
Q

partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured

101
Q
  • The female external genitalia, or vulva, includes :

6

A

o Mons pubis
o Labia
o Clitoris
o Urethral Orifice
o Vaginal Orifice
o Greater Vestibular Glands

102
Q
  • fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis
  • covered with pubic hair after puberty
A

MONS PUBIS

103
Q

skin folds

104
Q

o hair-covered skin folds
o enclose the labia minora
o also encloses the vestibule

A

Labia Majora

105
Q

delicate, hair-free folds of skin

A

Labia Minora

106
Q

o enclosed by labia majora
o contains external openings of the urethra and vagina

107
Q

o one is found on each side of the vagina
o secretions lubricate vagina during intercourse

A

Greater vestibular glands

108
Q
  • contains erectile tissue
  • corresponds to the male penis
  • lacks a reproductive duct
109
Q

the clitoris is similar to the penis in that it is :

A

o hooded by a prepuce
o composed of sensitive erectile tissue
o swollen with blood during sexual excitement

110
Q

diamond-shaped region between the anterior ends of the labial folds, anus posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally

111
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The total supply of eggs is determined by the time a female is born

112
Q

– process of producing ova (eggs) in a female

113
Q

female stem cells found in a developing fetus

114
Q

undergo mitosis to produce primary oocytes
that are surrounded by cells that form primary follicles in the ovary

115
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Primary oocytes are active until puberty

A

FALSE. INACTIVE

116
Q

This hormone causes some primary follicles to mature each moth

A

Follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)

117
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

If the secondary oocyte is not penetrated by a sperm, it dies and does not complete meiosis to form an ovum

118
Q

are tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid

119
Q

is large, is nonmotile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation

120
Q

o produced by follicle cells
o cause secondary sex characteristics

121
Q

o produced by the corpus luteum
o production continues until LH diminishes in the blood

A

Progesterone

122
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Progesterone does not contribute to the appearance of secondary sex characteristics

123
Q

2 major effects of progesterone

A

§ helps maintain pregnancy (by increasing blood supply in the endometrium where the fertilized egg is implanted)
§ preparesthebreastformilkproduction

124
Q

Cyclic changes of the endometrium, about __ days in length

125
Q

regulated by cyclic production of estrogens and
progesterone by the ovaries

A

UTERINE (MENSTRUAL CYCLE)

126
Q

Stages of the Menstrual Cycle

A

o Menstrual Phase
o Proliferative stage
o Secretory stage

127
Q

What stage of menstrual cycle is this
• functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed
• bleeding occurs for 3 to 5 days
• ovarian hormones – at their lowest levels

A

Day 1-5: Menstrual phase

128
Q

What day in the menstrual phase do this happenAQ Z

129
Q

What day in the menstrual phase does this occur: growing ovarian follicles are producing more
estrogen

130
Q

Stage of menstrual cycle do regeneration of functional layer of the endometrium

A

Proliferative Stage

131
Q

What happens in the proliferative stage? Name 3

A

o endometrium is repaired, thickens, and becomes well
vascularized
o estrogen levels rise
o Ovulation

132
Q

This occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage
(at the 14th day)

133
Q

Stage of Menstrual Cycle;
• Levels of progesterone (produced by the corpus luteum) rise and increase the blood supply to the endometrium, which becomes more vascular
• Endometrium increases in size and readies for implantation

A

Day 15 - 28: Secretory Phase

134
Q

Do fertilization occur here or not:

mbryo produces a hormone (human chorionic gonadotropin) that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones

A

Fertilization does occur

135
Q

Do fertilization occur here or not?

o Corpus Luteum degenerates as LH blood levels
decline
o the phases are repeated about every 28 days

A

Fertilization does not occur

136
Q

present in both sexes, but function only in females
o modified sweat glands
function is to produce milk to nourish a newborn

A

Mammary glands

137
Q

Mammary glands stimulated by sex hormones (mostly _____) to increase size

138
Q

Part of the mammary gland: central pigmented area

139
Q

Part of the mammary gland: protruding central area of areola

140
Q

Part of the mammary gland: internal structures that radiate around nipple

141
Q

Part of the mammary gland; located within each lobe and contain clusters off alveolar glands

142
Q

Part of the mammary gland: produce milk when a woman is lactating(producing milk)

A

Alveolar Glands

143
Q

Part of the mammary gland: connect alveolar gland to nipple

A

Lactiferous ducts

144
Q

Part of the mammary gland; dilated portion where milk accumulates

A

Lactiferous sinus

145
Q

time from fertilization until infant is born

146
Q

developing offspring

147
Q

period of time from fertilization until week 8

148
Q

week 9 until birth

149
Q

from date of last period until births (approximately 280 days)

A

Gestation period

Kris (8 decks)

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