DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
breaking food into nutrient molecules
Digestion
taking in food
INGESTION
– movement of nutrients into the bloodstream
Absorption
excretes to rid the body of indigestible waste
Defecation
2 main group of organs of the digestive system
Alimentary Canal (gastrointestinal, or GI tract)
Accessory Digestive Organs
-continuous, coiled, hollow tube that runs
through the ventral cavity from stomach to anus
- these organs ingest, digest, absorb, defecate
Alimentary Canal (gastrointestinal, or GI tract)
– include teeth, tongue,
and several large digestive organs
§ assist digestion in various ways
Accessory Digestive Organs
Alimentary Canal flow
Mouth > Pharynx > Esophagus > Stomach > Small
Intestine > Large Intestine > Anus
mucous membrane – lined cavity
Mouth/oral cavity
protect the anterior opening
Lips (Labia)
– form the lateral walls
Cheeks
forms the anterior roof
hard palate
forms the posterior roof
soft palate
– fleshy projection of the soft palate
Uvula
space between lips externally and teeth and
gums internally
Vestibule
area contained by the teeth
Oral Cavity Proper
skeletal muscle attached at hyoid bone, and
styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum to
the floor of the mouth
Tongue
2 types of tonsils
Palatine and Lingual
A tonsil located at posterior end of oral cavity
Palatine
A tonsil located at the base of the tongue
Lingual
Give the 4 functions of the mouth
o Mastication (chewing) of food
o Tongue mixes masticated food with saliva
o Tongue initiates swallowing
- controls movement of epiglottis
o Taste buds on the tongue allow for taste
serves as a passageway for foods, fluids, and air
Pharynx
Where in the pharynx where food passes from the mouth posteriorly into the :
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
posterior to oral cavity
Oropharynx
posterior to oral cavity
Oropharynx
below the oropharynx and
continuous with the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
food is propelled to the esophagus by two skeletal muscle layers in the pharynx. What are those 2 skeletal muscle?
Longitudinal outer layer
Circular inner layer
A skeletal muscle in the pharynx that allows parallel movement
Longitudinal outer layer
A skeletal muscle in the pharynx that cut for ball-like structures
Circular inner layer
It propels the food and is the alternating contractions of the muscle layers
Peristalsis
- about 10 inches long
- runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm
Esophagus
- this organ function to conduct food by peristalsis (slow rhythmic squeezing)
to the stomach - circular muscles squeeze,
- longitudinal muscles
propel
Esophagus
it functions as a passageway for food only. It also branches off AFTER the pharynx
Esophagus
[Layers of the alimentary canal organs]
4 layers (innermost to outermost]; from esophagus to large intestine
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa
[LAYERS OF TISSUE]
- innermost, moist membrane and consists the ff:
- surface epithelium
- Lamina Propria
Scanty smooth muscle layer
Mucosa
[LAYERS OF TISSUE]
Is in the mucosa and mostly simple columnar
epithelium (except for esophagus-stratified
squamous epithelium)
Surface Epithelium
[LAYERS OF TISSUE]
Has small amount of connective tissue and is in the mucosa tissue layer
Lamina Propria
[LAYERS OF TISSUE]
Part of the mucosa and lines the cavity
Lumen
[LAYERS OF TISSUE]
- just beneath the mucosa
- soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic vessels
Submucosa
[LAYERS OF TISSUE]
o smooth muscle
o inner circular layer
o outer longitudinal layer
Muscular Externa
[LAYERS OF TISSUE]
o outermost layer of the wall; contains fluid-producing
cells
Serosa
Part of the serosa and is the innermost layer that is
continuous with the outermost layer
Visceral Peritoneum
Part of the serosa and outermost layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity by the way of the mesentery
Parietal Peritoneum
The alimentary canal wall – contains two intrinsic nerve
plexuses that are part of the autonomic nervous system
- Submucosa Nerve Plexus
- Myenteric Nerve Plexus
§ group of nerves found in submucosal layer of
alimentary canal
§ makes it possible to stimulate responses in the
structures of submucosa
Submucosa Nerve Plexus
§ embedded and controls the muscularis externa
§ outer longitudinal muscle layer
§ dictates contractile mechanism, any type of
movement from Muscularis Externa
Myenteric Nerve Plexus
This nerve plexus REGULATES MOBILITY of the GI tract organs
Myenteric Nerve Plexus
This nerve plexus is responsible for the SECRETORY ACTIVITIES of the GI tract organs
Submucosal Nerve Plexus
C-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdominal
cavity
Stomach
After passing the esophagus, the food enters _________; it is the entry and exit of the food located in the stomach
Cardioesphageal Sphincter
From stomach to small intestine; Food empties into the small intestine at the____________
the pyloric sphincter
(valve)
[STOMACH REGIONS]
near the heart and surrounds the
cardioesophageal sphincter
Cardial (cardia)
[STOMACH REGIONS]
– expanded portion lateral to the cardiac region
Fundus
[STOMACH REGIONS]
midportion region of the stomach
Body
[STOMACH REGIONS]
Part of the body region that is the CONVEX LATERAL surface
Greater Curvature
[STOMACH REGIONS]
Part of the body region that is the CONCAVE LATERAL surface
Lesser Curvature
[STOMACH REGIONS]
- is the FUNNEL-SHAPED end
Pylorus
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Stomach can stretch and hold 4: (1 gallon) of food when full
TRUE
internal folds of the mucosa present when the
stomach is empty
Rugae
[ADD INFO: to allow for expansion of the stomach after the consumption of foods and liquids. This expansion increases the volume of the stomach to hold larger amounts of food. The folds also result in greater surface area, allowing the stomach to absorb nutrients more quickly.]
§ Double layer of the peritoneum
§ extends from liver to the lesser curvature of the
stomach
Lesser Omentum
§ has fatty apron
§another extension of the peritoneum
§ covers the abdominal organs
§ fat insulates, cushions and protects abdominal
organs
Greater Omentum
Is considered as a good SHOCK ABSORBER
Fatty apron
Also known as a pannus stomach or mother’s apron, apron belly occurs when the belly and fat surrounding the internal organs expands due to weight gain or pregnancy, resulting in additional fat deposits in the omentum
[STRUCURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA]
composed almost
entirely of mucous cells
Simple columnar epithelium
[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA]
produce bicarbonate-rich alkaline
mucus
Mucous cells
[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA]
produces the protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens]
Chief cells
[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA]
a powerful and abundant protein digestive enzyme secreted by the gastric chief cells as a proenzyme and then converted by gastric acid in the gastric lumen to the active enzyme pepsin
Pepsinogen
[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA]
– produce hydrochloric acid that activates enzymes
Parietal Cells
[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA]
– produce hydrochloric acid that activates enzymes
Parietal Cells
[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA]
– produce thin acidic mucus
– produce thin acidic mucus
§ different from the mucus produced by mucous cells of the mucosa
Mucous neck cells
[STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH MUCOSA]
produce local hormones such as gastrin
Enteroendocrine cells
-body’s major digestive organ
- longest portion of the alimentary tube (2-4 m, or 7-13 ft, in
a living person)
Small Intestine
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Small intestine is the site of nutrition absorption in blood
TRUE
suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery
Small intestine
[TRUE OR FALSE]
The small intestine is a muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
TRUE
3 subdivisions of the small intestine
-duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
Is a subdivision of the small intestine that is the receiving chamber of the pancreatic juices
Duodenum
Is a subdivision of the small intestine and is the terminal end
Iluem
Is a subdivision of the small intestine and is the stretch of the body
Jejunum
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Chemical digestion begins in the large intestine
FALSE
chemical digestion begins at the SMALL INTESTINE
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Chemical digestion begins in the large intestine
FALSE
chemical digestion begins at the SMALL INTESTINE
Enzymed produced by the intestinal cells and pancreas are carried to the ________ and by ______________
duodenum; pancreatic ducts
– formed by the liver, enters the duodenum via the
bile duct
Bile
location where the main
pancreatic duct and bile ducts join
Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
[TRUE OF FALSE]
In structural modifications, the small intesint INCREASES surface are for food absorption
TRUE
fingerlike projections formed by the mucosa
Villi
plural for villus
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Each tiny villus houses a capillary bed and lacteal
TRUE
tiny projections of the plasma membrane (brush border enzymes)
Microvilli
deep folds of
mucosa and submucosa
Circular folds (plicae circulares)
o collections of lymphatic tissue
o located in submucosa
Peyer’s Patches
o collections of lymphatic tissue
o located in submucosa
Peyer’s Patches
o collections of lymphatic tissue
o located in submucosa
Peyer’s Patches
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Peyer’s Patches DECREASE in number toward the end of the small intestine
FALSE
INCREASE in number
larger in diameter, but shorter in length at 15 m than the
small intestine
* extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
Large Intestine
larger in diameter, but shorter in length at 15 m than the
small intestine
* extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
Large Intestine
What are the 5 subdivisions of the large intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anal Canal
A subdivision of the large intestine and is saclike first part of the large intestine
Cecum
A subdivision of the large intestine and hands from the cecum
accumulation of lymphoid tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed (Appendicitis)
Appendix
- The longest part of the large intestine (a tube-like organ connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other).
- Removes water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested food.
Colon
travels up right side of abdomen and
makes a turn at the right colic (hepatic) flexure
Ascending colon
travels across the abdominal cavity and turns at the left colic (splenic) flexure
Transverse colon
A subdivision of the large intestine and ends at the anus
Anal Canal
opening of the large intestine
Anus
Travels down the left side
Descending
S-shaped regions and enters the pelvis
Sigmoid colon
- a short tube of skeletal muscle surrounding the inferior portion of the anal canal and is voluntary
External Anal Sphincter
a thin, white muscle wrapped around the anal canal
Internal Anal Spinchter
The internal sphincter contracts during rest and sleep, and keeps small amounts of liquid and gas from escaping unexpectedly.
The internal anal sphincter is an involuntary smooth muscle, like the muscles of your intestines.
delivers indigestible food residues to the
body’s exterior
Large Intestine
– produce alkaline mucus to lubricate the
passage of feces
Goblet cells
– reduced to three bands of muscle called the Teniae Coli
Muscular Externa Layer
Teniae Coli - three bands of longitudinal smooth muscle on the colon surface
– reduced to three bands of muscle called the Teniae Coli
Muscular Externa Layer
These bands teniae coli cause the wall to pucker into _____ (pocketlike sacs)
Haustra
The haustral folds (Latin: haustrum, plural: haustra) represent folds of mucosa within the colon. The haustra refer to the small segmented pouches of bowel separated by the haustral folds. They are formed by circumferential contraction of the inner muscular layer of the colon.
is activated by the presence of chyme and serves to move food slowly to the next haustra, along with mixing the chyme to help with water absorption.
Haustral Contractions
What are the accessory digestive organs
Teeth
Salivary Glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gall Bladder
masticate (chew) food into smaller fragments
Teeth
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Teeth are classified according to shape and function
TRUE
Teeth for cutting
Incisors
Teeth for tearing or piercing
Canines (eyeteeth)
Teeth for grinding
Premolars (bisuspids) and molars
exposed part of tooth above the gingiva (gum)
Crown
Covers the crown
Enamel
found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth, surrounds the pulp cavity
Dentin
contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers (pulp)
Pulp Cavity
– where the pulp cavity extends into the root
Root Canal
In the root of the teth that covers the outer surface and attaches the
tooth to the periodontal membrane (ligament)
Cement
In the root of the teeh that holds tooth in place in the
bony jaw
Periodontal membrane
connector between the crown and root
Neck
Region in contact with the gum
Root
What are the three pairs of salivary glands that empty secretions into the
mouth
- Parotid glands
- Submandibular glands
- Sublingual glands
Salivary gland that is the found anterior to the ears
Parotid glands
Salivary gland that is the found anterior to the ears
Parotid glands
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Parotid (salivary) glands are affected by MUMPS
TRUE
empty saliva into the floor of the mouth through small ducts
both submandibular and sublingual glands
mixture of mucus and serous fluids
Saliva
helps to moisten and bind food together into a mass
called bolus
dissolve chemicals so they can be tasted
Saliva
Bolus - food that has been chewed and mixed in the mouth with saliva
Saliva contains what?
- Salivary amylase
- Lysozymes and antibodies
A saliva that begins starch digestion
Salivary amylase
In the saliva that inhibits bacteria
Lysozymes and antibodies
- soft, pink triangular gland
- found posterior to the parietal peritoneum
o mostly retroperitoneal
Pancreas
- extends across the abdomen from spleen to duodenum
- produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes that break
down all categories of food - secretes enzymes into the duodenum
Pancreas
introduced with enzymes neutralizes acidic
chyme coming from stomach
Alkaline Fluid
Hormones procued by the pancreas
- Insulin
- Glucagon
- largest gland in the body
- located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm
- consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and
abdominal wall by the falciform ligament
Liver
What is the digestive role of the liver?
produce bile
Bile leaves the liver throught the ______________ and enters __________ through the ________
common hepatic duct; duodenum; bile duct
[TRUE OR FALSE]
Bile is yellow-green, watery solution
TRUE
Biles contains what
- Bile salts
- Bile pigments (mostlu bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin)
- cholesterol
- phospholipids
- electrolytes
TRUE OR FALSE
Bile emulsifies (breaks down) fats
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Bile emulsifies (breaks down) fats
TRUE
is an accessory organ and a green sac found in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of
the liver
Gall Bladder
is an accessory organ and a green sac found in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of
the liver
Gall Bladder
What are the 3 Essential processes of the GI tract
o Ingestion
o Propulsion
o Mechanical Breakdown
What are the 3 Essential processes of the GI tract
o Ingestion
o Propulsion
o Mechanical Breakdown
An essential process of the GI tract and is the placing of food into the mouth
Ingestion
An essential process of the GI tract and is the movement of foods from one region of the
digestive system to another
Propulsion
alternating waves of contraction and
relaxation that squeeze food along the GI tract
Peristalsis
movement of materials back and forth to foster mixing in the small intestine
Segmentation
o prepares food for further
degradation by enzymes
o mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
Food Breakdown: Mechanical Breakdown
o churning of food in the stomach
o segmentation in the small intestine
Food Breakdown: Mechanical Breakdown
occurs when enzymes chemically break down large molecules into their building blocks
Food Breakdown: Digestion
Carbohydrates : broken down to ______
(simple sugar)
§ Proteins : broken down to ____
§ Fats : broken down to ____ and _____
Carbohydrates : broken down to **monosaccharides
(simple sugar)
§ Proteins : broken down to amino acids
§ Fats : broken down to fatty acids and glycerol
o ends products of digestion are absorbed in the blood r lymph
o food must enter mucosal cells and then move into lood or lymph capillaries
Absorption
elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract in the form of feces
Defecation
[ACTIVITIES IN THE MOUTH, PHARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS]
o food is placed into the mouth
§ Physically broken down by chewing
§ mixed with saliva – released in response to
mechanical pressure and psychic stimuli
§ salivary amylase begins starch digestion
Food Ingestion and Breakdown
no food absorption occurs in the mouth
TRUE OR FALSE
pharynx and esophagus have no digestive function and they serve serve as passageways to the stomach
TRUE
[ACTIVITIES IN THE MOUTH, PHARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS]
o swallowing and peristalsis
Food Propulsion
TRUE OR FALSE
Pharynx functions in swallowing (deglutition) and has 2 phases
TRUE
[ACTIVITIES IN THE MOUTH, PHARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS]
Pharynx has 2 phases in swallowing or deglutition)
Buccal phase
Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
[ACTIVITIES IN THE MOUTH, PHARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS]
§ voluntary
§ occurs in the mouth
§ food is formed into a bolus
Buccal Phase
§ Bolus – forced into the pharynx by the tongue
[ACTIVITIES IN THE MOUTH, PHARYNX, AND ESOPHAGUS]
§ involuntary transport of the bolus by peristalsis
§ nasal and respiratory passageways – blocked
Pharyngeal-esophageal phase
TRUE OR FALSE
Pharynx functions in swallowing (deglutition) and has 2 phases
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Peristalsis moves the bolus toward the small intestine
FALSE
toward the STOMACH
It opens when food
presses against it
Cardioesophageal Sphincter
Gastric Juice is regulated by __ and ___
neural; hormonal factors
TRUE OR FALSE
presence of food or rising pH causes the release of the hormone gastrin
TRUE
causes stomach glands to produce :
§ Protein-digesting enzymes
§ Mucus
§ Hydrochloric Acid
Gastrin
Gastrin causes stomach to produce?
there are 3
causes stomach glands to produce :
- Protein-digesting enzymes
- Mucus
- Hydrochloric Acid
§ activates pepsinogen to pepsin for protein digestion
§ provides a hostile environment for microorganisms
Acidic pH
– digestion enzymes
Protein
– an active protein-digesting enzyme
Pepsin
works on digesting milk protein in infants,
not produced in adults
Rennin
virtually the only items absorbed in the stomach
Alcohol and aspirin
Where to the waves of peristalsis occur and force food past the pyloric sphincter
from the fundus to pylorus
TRUE OR FALSE
In grinding the pylorus meters out chyme into the small intestine
(3mL at a time)
TRUE
peristaltic waves close the pyloric sphincter, forcing contents back into the stomach; the stomach empties
in 4-6 hours
Retropulsion
[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION]
Intestinal enzymes from the brush border function to :
o break double sugars into simple sugars
o complete some protein digestion
[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION]
These enzymes help to
complete digestion of all food groups
2 enzymes
Intestinal and pancreatic enzymes
[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION]
This enzyme play the major role in the digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
Pancreatic Enzymes
[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION]
This neutralizes acidic chyme and provides the proper environment for the pancreatic enzymes to operate
Alkaline content
[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION]
Release of pancreatic juice from the pancreas into the duodenum is stimulated by :
o Vagus nerves
o Local hormones that trave via the blood to influence the
release of pan
§ Secretin
§ Cholecystokinin (CCK)
[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION]
TRUE OR FALSE
Hormones (secretin and CCK) also target the liver and gallbladder to release bile
TRUE
[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION]
§ acts as a fat emulsifier
§ needed for fat absorption and absorption of fat-
soluble vitamins (K, D, E and A)
Bile
[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION]
TRUE OR FALSE
Water is absorbed along the length of the small intestine
TRUE
o water follows the absorbed nutrients to the capillaries due to osmosis, movement of water from area of lower to higher solute)
[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION]
TRUE OR FALSE
In the end products of digestion,
o most substances are absorbed by active transport through cell membranes, and
o lipids are absorbed by diffusion
TRUE
[CHYME BREAKDOWN AND ABSORPTION]
TRUE OR FALSE
Substances are transported to the liver by the hepatic portal
vein or lymph
TRUE
o liver can convert nutrients, store or supply them to cells if needed
In the propulsion of food residue and defecation, this is the slow, powerful movements that occur three to four times per day
Mass Movements
In the propulsion of food residue and defecation, this is the slow, powerful movements that occur three to four times per day
Mass Movements
TRUE OR FALSE
In the presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation reflex
wherein Internal anal sphincter is RELAXED
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
In the presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation reflex, wherein Defecation occurs with relaxation of the voluntary
(external) anal sphincter
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
In nutrition and metabolism
- Most foods are used as metabolic fuel
- Foods are REDUCED and transformed into ATP
- Energy value of food is measured in KILOCALORIES(KCAL) and CALROEID (cal)
- TRUE
- FALSE - OXIDIZED
- TRUE
chemical energy that drives cellular activities
ATP
What are the major nutrients? Name 4
o carbohydrates
o lipids
o proteins
o water
What are the minor nutrients? Name 2
- Vitamins
- Minerals
a diet consisting food from the five food groups normally guarantees adequate amounts of all the needed nutrients
- fruits
- vegetables
- grain products
- milk products
- meat,
- and its alternatives
- Is issued on 1992
- 6 major food groups arranged horizontally
Healthy Eating Pyramid
- issued in 2011 by the USDA
- 5 food groups are arranged by a round plate
MyPlate
What are the 2 dietary carbohydrates?
Sugars and starches
Carbohydrates includes:
- lactose from____
- small amounts of glycogens from ____
Milk; meats
Lipids saturated fats can be from _____
Animal products (meat)
Lipids saturated fats are from __
Animal products (meat)
Lipids unsaturated fats are from
Nuts, seeds, vegetables oils
Lipids cholesterol from
egg yolk, meats, and milk products (dairy products)
These contain essential amino acids
Complete proteins
TRUE OR FALSE
Most complete amino acids are from animal products (eggs, milk, meat, poultry and fish)
TRUE
Are those that the body CANNOT MAKE and must be OBTAINED through DIET
Essential amino acids
These 2 types of food also have proteins, but the proteins are INCOMPLETE
Legumes and beans
TRUE OR FALSE
Most vitamins function as COENZYMES
TRUE
binds to an enzyme and helps it to catalyze a reaction
And are found mainly fruits and vegetables
Vitamins
Mainly important for enzyme activity
Minerals
What are the food RICHEST IN MINERALS? Name 4
Vegetables, legumes, milk, and some meat
all of the chemical reactions necessary to maintain life
Metabolism
substances are broken down to simpler substances
- energy is released and captured to make
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Catabolism
larger molecules are built from smaller ones
Anabolism
body’s preferred source to produce cellular energy (ATP)
Carbohydrates
o major breakdown product of carbohydrate digestion
o fuel used to make ATP
Glucose (blood sugar)
as glucose is broken down, carbon dioxide, water, and
ATP are formed
Cellular Respiration
What are the 3 Metabolic Pathways of cellular respiration
o Glycolysis
o Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
o Electron transport chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
- excessively high levels of glucose in the blood
- low levels of glucose in the blood
- Hyperglycemia
[o excess glucose is stored in body cells as glycogen or converted to fat]
- Hypoglycemia
breakdown of glycogen to form glucose, glycogen is a polysaccharide with glucose as its building block/monomer
Glycogenesis
Restore normal blood glucose levels
Fat breakdown
o insulate the body
o protect organs
o build some cell structures (membranes and myelin
sheaths)
o provide reserve energy
Fats
Stored in subcutaneous tissue and other fat deposits
Excess dietary fat
TRUE OR FALSE
When carbohydrates are in limited supply, LESS fats are broken down to produce ATP
FALSE. MORE FATS
– form the bulk of cell structure and most functional molecules
o carefully conserved by body cells
PROTEINS
- actively taken up from blood by body cells
- broken down to form ATP mainly when
other fuel sources are not available
Amino acids
released as amino acids are broken down for fuel source
Ammonia
o detoxified by liver cells that combine with carbon
dioxide to form urea
- excreted as a component oof urine through the
urinary system
Ammonia
TRUE OR FALSE
Liver is the body’s key metabolic organ
TRUE
5 roles of liver in digestion
o manufactures bile
o detoxifies drugs and alcohol
o degrades hormones
o produces cholesterol, blood proteins (albumin and
clotting proteins)
o plays a central role in metabolism
TRUE OR FALSE
Liver CAN’T REGENERATE if part of it is damage or removed
FALSE. IT CAN REGENERATE
What are the 3 things that liver do to maintain homeostasis of blood glucose levels
- GlycogeNESIS (glycogen FORMATION)
- GlycogeNOLYSIS (glycogen SPLITTING)
- Glucogenesis (formation of NEW SUGAR)
- glucose molecules are converted to glycogen and stored in the liver
- causingbloodglucoseleveltogodown
Glycogenesis (glycogen formation)
§ Glucose is released from the liver after conversion from glycogen
§ causing blood glucose level to go up
Glycogenolysis – “glycogen splitting”
- Glucose is produced from fats and proteins
- causing blood glucose level to go up
Gluconeogenesis – “formation of new sugar”
Fats and fatty acids are pricked up by what organ?
Liver
TRUE OR FALSE
Fats or fatty acids - some are oxidized/broken down to provide energy for liver cells and the rest and stored or broken down into simpler compounds and released into the blood
TRUE
Most abundant protein in the blood
Albumin
combined with carbon dioxide to form urea – which is flushed from the body in urine
Ammonia
TRUE OR FALSE
Cholesterol is used to make ATP
FALSE. IT IS NOT USED to make ATP
How many percentage of cholesterol are produced in the ff:
1. Liver
2. Diet
- Liver - 85%
- Diet - 15%
TRUE OR FALSE
cholesterol and fatty acids freely circulate in the bloodstream
FALSE. THEY CANNON FREELY CIRCULATE
Cholesterol are transported by ______ (lipid protein complexes) known as LDLs and HDLs.
Lipoproteins
This lipoprotein transport cholesterol to body cells; BAD LIPOPROTEINS
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
This lipoprotein tranport cholesterol form body cells to liver; GOOD LIPOPROTEINS
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
TRUE OR FALSE
LDLs are rated as BAD LIPOPROTEINS because they can lead to ATHEROSCLEROSIS
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
HDLs are rated as GOOD PROTEINS since cholesterol is destined for BREAKDOWN and ELIMINATION
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Energy Intake = total energy output
TRUE
Heat + work + energy storage
Energy Intake
- Energy liberated during food oxidation/break down
- Energy produced during glycolysis, citric acid
cycle, and the electron transport chain
Energy intake
- energy we lose as heat (60%)
- energy stored as fator glycogen
Energy output
Interference with the body’s energy balance leads to:
- obesity
- Malnutrition
Carbohydrates and protein yields ___ kcal/gram
4
Fats yield __kcal/gram
9
amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest
Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR)
What is the average BMR for an average 70-kg (154 lb) adult?
60 to 72 hour kcal/hour
A factor that influences BMR that is a small body usually have a higher BMR
Surface area
TRUE OR FALSE
Males tends to have HIGHER BMRs
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Adults have higher BMRs than children and adolescents
FALSE. Children and adolescents have HIGHER BMRs.
TRUE OR FALSE
the amount of thyroxine produced is the LEAST important important factor to influence BMR
FALSE. MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR
TRUE OR FALSE
More thyroxine means a HIGHER BMR
True
TRUE OR FALSE
Strong emotions increases BMR
TRUE
total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel ongoing activities
Total Metabolic (TMR)
TRUE OR FALSE
TMR DECREASES dramatically with an increase in muscle activity
FALSE. INCREASES dramatically
TRUE OR FALSE
TMR must have must equal calories consumed to maintain
homeostasis and maintain a constant weight
TRUE
Where is the body’s thermostat?
Hypothalamus
– initiates mechanisms to maintain body
temperature
Hypothalamus
This mechanism involve radiation of heat from
skin and evaporation of sweat
Heat LOSS Mechanism
This mechanism involve vasoconstriction of skin blood vessels and shivering
Heat-PROMOTING Mechanisms
- Is controlled hyperthermia
- results from infection, cancer, allergic reactions, CNS injuries
Hyper = high
Therm = thermometer/temperature
Fever
TRUE OR FALSE
if the body thermostat is set too high, body proteins many be denatured, and permanent brain damage may occur
TRUE
In which week of development is alimentary canal present in pregnancy?
Fifth (5th)
TRUE OR FALSE
- The developing fetus – receives all nutrients through the placenta
- In newborns – feeding must be frequent. peristalsis is inefficient, and vomiting is common
- TRUE
- TRUE
This newborn reflex helps the infant FIND the nipple
Rooting reflex
This newborn reflex helps the infant hold on to the nipple
and swallow
Sucking Reflex
Teething begins around age of ?
6 months
A problem in the digestive system where inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract; can occur at any time
Gastroenteritis
inflammation of the appendix; common in adolescents
Appendicitis
TRUE OR FALSE
Metabolism DECREASES with old age
TRUE
- Is a middle age digestive problems where there are sores on the lining of the stomach or intestine
- Another middle age digestive problem
- Ulcers
- Gallbladder problems
What are the 2 Later middle age digestive problems
- Obesity
- Diabetes Mellitus
What are the 3 activities of digestive tract in OLD AGE
o fewer digestive juices
o peristalsis slows
o Diverticulosis
In diverticulosis, what do you call the small pockets which are formed in the walls of digestive tract - most often in the colon?
Diverticula
occurs when small, bulging pouches (diverticula) develop in your digestive tract.
Diverticulosis
In diverticulosis when one or more of these pouches become inflamed or infected, the condition is called ___.
Diverticulitis
