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BIOL 1410 (Anatomy) > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

List the three structures of the reproductive system and their function.

A

gonads = produce gametes and hormones
ducts = transport and store gametes
accessory glands = produce secretions that support gametes

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2
Q

what are the gonads of males?

A

testes

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3
Q

where are the testes located?

A

scrotum

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4
Q

what is the scrotum surrounded of?

A

tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea

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5
Q

difference of tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea

A

tunica vaginalis: outer serous membrane, derived from peritoneum
tunica albuginea: inner fibrous CT capsule, extends inward to divided testes into lobules

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6
Q

What do each lobules contain?

A

seminiferous tubules and Leydig Cells

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7
Q

What do the seminiferous tubules form when united?

A

rete testis

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8
Q

What do the seminiferous tubules produce?

A

sperm (spermatogenesis)

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9
Q

What is the other name for Sertoli cells

A

sustentocytes

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10
Q

Function of Sertoli cells (5)

A

surround developing gametes
support and nourish germ cells
protect sperm from immune system by forming blood-testis barrier
produce testicular fluid (for transport)
respond to follicle stimulating hormone

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11
Q

What are Leydig cells?

A

interstitial cells in CT between seminiferous tubules that secrete testosterone

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12
Q

Where are ducts found?

A

seminiferous tubules to rete testis

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13
Q

The duct system is composed of what? (4)

A

epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra

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14
Q

Function of the epididymis

A

store sperm and mature them
posterior border of the testis

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15
Q

Location of the epididymis

A

posterior border of the testis

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16
Q

Where can the vas deferens be found?

A

enters pelvic cavity and loops over posterior bladder

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17
Q

what can be done to the vas deferens

A

vasectomy

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18
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A

vas deferens, nerves, blood, lymph vessels, muscle

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19
Q

What is formed by the union of vas deferens and duct from seminal vesicle?

A

ejaculatory duct

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20
Q

what are the three regions of the urethra?

A

prostatic
intermediate
penile (spongy)

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21
Q

List the locations of the three regions of the urethra.

A

prostatic = through prostate
intermediate = through urogenital diaphragm
penile = through corpus spongiosum of penis

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22
Q

Where does the penile open at?

A

glans penis

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23
Q

What are the three parts of the penis?

A

Root, body, glans penis

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24
Q

What are the three bodies of the erectile tissue?

A

2 corpora cavernosa
1 corpus spongiosum

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25
Q

Where is the corpora cavernosa located?

A

dorsal portion of the root and shaft

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26
Q

where is the corpus spongiosum found?

A

glans and the mid ventral portion of root and shaft surrounding the urethra

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27
Q

the accessory glans is mostly made up of what?

A

semen ~95%

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28
Q

how many seminal vesicles are there?

A

2

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29
Q

where are the seminal vesicles located? what is their function? what does it contain?

A

posterior to bladder
secretes alkaline fluid that contains fructose to nourish sperm
contains ~60% semen

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30
Q

where is the prostate gland found? what does it contain?

A

inferior to bladder and encircles prostatic urethra
contains ~30% semen

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31
Q

The bulbourethral is also known as?

A

Cowper’s Gland

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32
Q

Where is the Cowper’s gland located?

A

below prostate in urogenital diaphragm

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33
Q

What is the Cowper’s gland’s function?

A

-secrete thick alkaline mucus to neutralize acid urine in urethra
-lubrication
-contain ~5% semen

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34
Q

Where does the sperm production occur?

A

seminiferous tubules

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35
Q

what are the final sperms called? how many are there?

A

spermatozoa, 4

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36
Q

What do you call the differentiation of spermatids?

A

spermiogenesis

37
Q

What does spermiogenesis do?

A

develop flagella and acrosomes
lose most cytoplasm

38
Q

What are the three body parts of the spermatozoa

A

head, body, and tail

39
Q

what is the head of the spermatozoa made up of?

A

-nucleus with 23 chromosomes
-acrosome on top of the nucleus that contains digestive enzymes that aid in penetrating the oocyte

40
Q

what does the body of the spermatozoa contain?

A

a large number of mitochondria

41
Q

what is the purpose of the flagellum? what is it made out of?

A

-to propel the sperm
-microtubules

42
Q

how many semen is released at ejaculation?

A

2-5 mL that contains around 20-150 million sperm per mL

43
Q

What is the pH of the semen?

A

7.2 - 7.6

44
Q

What does the semen contain?

A

sperm, testicular fluid, and accessory gland secretions

45
Q

What are the gonads if females called?

A

ovaries

46
Q

where are ovaries located?

A

pelvic cavity on the lateral side of the uterus

47
Q

what are the 4 layers if the ovaries?

A

ovarian mesothelium
tunica albuginea (fibrous CT)
ovarian cortex
ovarian medulla

48
Q

What is the tunica albuginea made out of?

A

fibrous CT

49
Q

What are ovarian follicles?

A

Found in the ovarian cortex which are layers of cells that surround an immature egg to provide support and protection

50
Q

what does the ovarian medulla contain?

A

blood and lymph vessels, nerves, CT

51
Q

the ovaries are held in place by: (3)

A

ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament
mesovarium

52
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A

-suspensory + ovarium
-part of the parietal peritoneum

53
Q

What are the three sections of uterine (fallopian) tubes?

A

infudibulum
ampulla
isthmus

54
Q

what are the finger-like projections found in the infudibulum ?

A

fimbriae

55
Q

where does fertilization occur?

A

ampulla

56
Q

isthmus connects to what?

A

uterus

57
Q

what is the mucosa of the uterine tubes made out of?

A

simple columnar epithelium with cilia or microvilli that secretes nutrient fluid

58
Q

what is a uterus?

A

a hollow organ

59
Q

what are the three parts of the uterus?

A

fundus
body
cervix

60
Q

what opens to the vagina

A

cervix

61
Q

name the three supportive membranes.

A

broad ligaments
round ligaments = fibrous CT attached to anterior wall
uterosacral ligaments = peritoneum attached to sacrum

62
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus?

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

63
Q

what does the endometrium contain?

A

endometrial glands that secrete a nutritive fluid

64
Q

what are the two layers of the endometrium?

A

stratum functionalis
stratum basalis

65
Q

what stratum sheds monthly?

A

stratum functionalis

66
Q

what undergoes mitosis to replace functionalis and is permanent?

A

stratum basalis

67
Q

what is the vagina’s function?

A

birth canal, passageway for sperm and/or menstrual flow

68
Q

what are the three layers of the vagina?

A

mucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia (no serosa)

69
Q

what is the gamete production of females called?

A

oogenesis

70
Q

what does the primary oocyte form?

A

1 ovum and 2-3 polar bodies

71
Q

what are polar bodies?

A

discarded nuclear material

72
Q

how many oogonia are present in a 6 month fetus?

A

~7 million

73
Q

at what phase are primary oocytes arrested?

A

meiosis, prophase I

74
Q

how many oocytes remain at puberty?

A

~400,000

75
Q

at what phase does the secondary oocyte begin? what phase does it gets arrested?

A

meiosis II, arrested in metaphase II

76
Q

how many secondary oocyte are ovulated from puberty to menopause?

A

~500

77
Q

What are the stages of follicular development?

A
  1. Primordial follicle
  2. Primary follicle
  3. Secondary follicle
  4. Vesicular follicle
  5. Corpus luteum
  6. Corpus albicans
78
Q

What happens in the primordial follicle?

A

primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells

79
Q

What happens at primary follicle?

A

-single layer becomes cuboidal; now called granulosa cells that proliferate to become stratified
-secrete zona pellucida arround oocyte
- theca cells form from surrounding tissue
-can reach this stage anytime from birth to menopause

80
Q

What happens at the secondary follicle?

A

-at puberty, ovarian cycles begin
-under influence of rising FSH, granulosa proliferate more and start to secrete fluid
-estrogen secretion

81
Q

What happens at the vesicular follicle?

A

happening at the surface of the ovary in which the fluid filled spaces unite into a single large antrum
-estrogen triggers the release of leutinizing hornome that causes the completion of meiosis I and ovulation

82
Q

What is corona radiata?

A

granulosa cells that still surround oocyte

83
Q

what is ovulation

A

release of secondary oocyte from follicle to peritoneal cavity

84
Q

What happens at corpus luteum?

A

follicle that remains after ovulation
produces high levels of estrogen and progesterone to support fetal development

85
Q

What is the function of corpus albicans?

A

if there’s no pregnancy , the follicle degenerates into corpus albicans
scar tissue and no hormones are released

86
Q

what are mammary glands?

A

modified swear glands that produces milk

87
Q

what are the small compartments of the mammary glands and what do they contain?

A

lobules that contain alveoli which opens via duct at nipple

88
Q

the mammary gland is surrounded by?

A

fat

89
Q

where is the mammary gland attached to?

A

deep fascia (epimysium) by suspensory ligaments

BIOL 1410 (Anatomy) (5 decks)

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