Reproductive System Flashcards by Martina D

List the three structures of the reproductive system and their function.

gonads = produce gametes and hormones
ducts = transport and store gametes
accessory glands = produce secretions that support gametes

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what are the gonads of males?

testes

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where are the testes located?

scrotum

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what is the scrotum surrounded of?

tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea

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difference of tunica vaginalis and tunica albuginea

tunica vaginalis: outer serous membrane, derived from peritoneum
tunica albuginea: inner fibrous CT capsule, extends inward to divided testes into lobules

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What do each lobules contain?

seminiferous tubules and Leydig Cells

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What do the seminiferous tubules form when united?

rete testis

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What do the seminiferous tubules produce?

sperm (spermatogenesis)

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What is the other name for Sertoli cells

sustentocytes

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Function of Sertoli cells (5)

surround developing gametes
support and nourish germ cells
protect sperm from immune system by forming blood-testis barrier
produce testicular fluid (for transport)
respond to follicle stimulating hormone

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What are Leydig cells?

interstitial cells in CT between seminiferous tubules that secrete testosterone

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Where are ducts found?

seminiferous tubules to rete testis

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The duct system is composed of what? (4)

epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
urethra

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Function of the epididymis

store sperm and mature them
posterior border of the testis

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Location of the epididymis

posterior border of the testis

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Where can the vas deferens be found?

enters pelvic cavity and loops over posterior bladder

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what can be done to the vas deferens

vasectomy

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What does the spermatic cord contain?

vas deferens, nerves, blood, lymph vessels, muscle

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What is formed by the union of vas deferens and duct from seminal vesicle?

ejaculatory duct

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what are the three regions of the urethra?

prostatic
intermediate
penile (spongy)

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List the locations of the three regions of the urethra.

prostatic = through prostate
intermediate = through urogenital diaphragm
penile = through corpus spongiosum of penis

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Where does the penile open at?

glans penis

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What are the three parts of the penis?

Root, body, glans penis

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What are the three bodies of the erectile tissue?

2 corpora cavernosa
1 corpus spongiosum

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Where is the corpora cavernosa located?

dorsal portion of the root and shaft

where is the corpus spongiosum found?

glans and the mid ventral portion of root and shaft surrounding the urethra

the accessory glans is mostly made up of what?

semen ~95%

how many seminal vesicles are there?

where are the seminal vesicles located? what is their function? what does it contain?

posterior to bladder secretes alkaline fluid that contains fructose to nourish sperm contains ~60% semen

where is the prostate gland found? what does it contain?

inferior to bladder and encircles prostatic urethra contains ~30% semen

The bulbourethral is also known as?

Cowper’s Gland

Where is the Cowper’s gland located?

below prostate in urogenital diaphragm

What is the Cowper’s gland’s function?

-secrete thick alkaline mucus to neutralize acid urine in urethra -lubrication -contain ~5% semen

Where does the sperm production occur?

seminiferous tubules

what are the final sperms called? how many are there?

spermatozoa, 4

What do you call the differentiation of spermatids?

spermiogenesis

What does spermiogenesis do?

develop flagella and acrosomes lose most cytoplasm

What are the three body parts of the spermatozoa

head, body, and tail

what is the head of the spermatozoa made up of?

-nucleus with 23 chromosomes -acrosome on top of the nucleus that contains digestive enzymes that aid in penetrating the oocyte

what does the body of the spermatozoa contain?

a large number of mitochondria

what is the purpose of the flagellum? what is it made out of?

-to propel the sperm -microtubules

how many semen is released at ejaculation?

2-5 mL that contains around 20-150 million sperm per mL

What is the pH of the semen?

7.2 - 7.6

What does the semen contain?

sperm, testicular fluid, and accessory gland secretions

What are the gonads if females called?

ovaries

where are ovaries located?

pelvic cavity on the lateral side of the uterus

what are the 4 layers if the ovaries?

ovarian mesothelium tunica albuginea (fibrous CT) ovarian cortex ovarian medulla

What is the tunica albuginea made out of?

fibrous CT

What are ovarian follicles?

Found in the ovarian cortex which are layers of cells that surround an immature egg to provide support and protection

what does the ovarian medulla contain?

blood and lymph vessels, nerves, CT

the ovaries are held in place by: (3)

ovarian ligament suspensory ligament mesovarium

What is the broad ligament?

-suspensory + ovarium -part of the parietal peritoneum

What are the three sections of uterine (fallopian) tubes?

infudibulum ampulla isthmus

what are the finger-like projections found in the infudibulum ?

fimbriae

where does fertilization occur?

ampulla

isthmus connects to what?

uterus

what is the mucosa of the uterine tubes made out of?

simple columnar epithelium with cilia or microvilli that secretes nutrient fluid

what is a uterus?

a hollow organ

what are the three parts of the uterus?

fundus body cervix

what opens to the vagina

cervix

name the three supportive membranes.

broad ligaments round ligaments = fibrous CT attached to anterior wall uterosacral ligaments = peritoneum attached to sacrum

What are the three layers of the uterus?

perimetrium myometrium endometrium

what does the endometrium contain?

endometrial glands that secrete a nutritive fluid

what are the two layers of the endometrium?

stratum functionalis stratum basalis

what stratum sheds monthly?

stratum functionalis

what undergoes mitosis to replace functionalis and is permanent?

stratum basalis

what is the vagina’s function?

birth canal, passageway for sperm and/or menstrual flow

what are the three layers of the vagina?

mucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia (no serosa)

what is the gamete production of females called?

oogenesis

what does the primary oocyte form?

1 ovum and 2-3 polar bodies

what are polar bodies?

discarded nuclear material

how many oogonia are present in a 6 month fetus?

~7 million

at what phase are primary oocytes arrested?

meiosis, prophase I

how many oocytes remain at puberty?

~400,000

at what phase does the secondary oocyte begin? what phase does it gets arrested?

meiosis II, arrested in metaphase II

how many secondary oocyte are ovulated from puberty to menopause?

~500

What are the stages of follicular development?

1. Primordial follicle 2. Primary follicle 3. Secondary follicle 4. Vesicular follicle 5. Corpus luteum 6. Corpus albicans

What happens in the primordial follicle?

primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells

What happens at primary follicle?

-single layer becomes cuboidal; now called granulosa cells that proliferate to become stratified -secrete zona pellucida arround oocyte - theca cells form from surrounding tissue -can reach this stage anytime from birth to menopause

What happens at the secondary follicle?

-at puberty, ovarian cycles begin -under influence of rising FSH, granulosa proliferate more and start to secrete fluid -estrogen secretion

What happens at the vesicular follicle?

happening at the surface of the ovary in which the fluid filled spaces unite into a single large antrum -estrogen triggers the release of leutinizing hornome that causes the completion of meiosis I and ovulation

What is corona radiata?

granulosa cells that still surround oocyte

what is ovulation

release of secondary oocyte from follicle to peritoneal cavity

What happens at corpus luteum?

follicle that remains after ovulation produces high levels of estrogen and progesterone to support fetal development

What is the function of corpus albicans?

if there’s no pregnancy , the follicle degenerates into corpus albicans scar tissue and no hormones are released

what are mammary glands?

modified swear glands that produces milk

what are the small compartments of the mammary glands and what do they contain?

lobules that contain alveoli which opens via duct at nipple

the mammary gland is surrounded by?

fat

where is the mammary gland attached to?

deep fascia (epimysium) by suspensory ligaments