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BIOL 1410 (Anatomy) > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two divisions of the Nervous System?

A

Central NS
Peripheral NS

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2
Q

What is the ”command centre” of the brain? What is it composed of?

A

-Central NS
-brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What does the PNS consists of?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS

A

sensory/afferent division
motor/efferent division

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5
Q

What is the afferent division?

A

It is a division that has sensory receptors that detect stimuli

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6
Q

What is the efferent division?

A

It is a division that convey impulses from CNS and conducts a response to a stimulus.

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7
Q

How do the nerves covey impulses from the CNS?

A

away

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8
Q

difference of somatic and autonomic?

A

somatic is voluntary movement of skeletal muscles while autonomic is involuntary movement of the smooth and cardiac muscle (meaning we cannot control it)

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9
Q

what is sympathetic? what is parasympathetic?

A

-fight or flight
-rest and digest

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10
Q

Are neurons able to undergo mitosis? Why or why not?

A

No because they are amitotic. They are irreplaceable.

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11
Q

What does the RER of a neuron called?

A

Nissl Bodies

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12
Q

What do you call the clusters of cell bodies in the CNS? What colour are they?

A

Nuclei, a gray matter

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13
Q

What do you call the clusters of cell bodies in the PNS?

A

ganglia

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14
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Receive incoming messages and relay it to the cell body.

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15
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

carry impulses away from the cell body

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16
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

where the axon meets the cell body

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17
Q

what does the axon terminal look like?

A

typically branched with synaptic end bulbs

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18
Q

What does it mean when an axon is myelinated?

A

wrapped in many layers of cell membrane

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19
Q

What are Schwann Cells?

A

cell membrane from PNS

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20
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

cell membrane from CNS

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21
Q

What do myelin sheaths provide?

A

electrical insulation

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22
Q

What are the “Nodes of Ranvier”?

A

gaps in myelin sheath

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23
Q

What do you call the myelinated axon bundles in CNS? PNS?

A

CNS- tracts (white matter)
PNS- nerves

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24
Q

What are Neuroglia(s)?

A

Glial cells that support neuron cells

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25
Can glial cells undergo mitosis? If so, what can it be prone to?
Yes. They are prone to brain tumors
26
What are the 4 types of CNS neuroglia?
-oligodendrocytes -microglia -astrocytes -ependymal
27
List the functions of the 4 types of CNS neuroglia.
1)Oligodendrocytes- produce myelin around axon 2)Microglia- protection that can become phagocytic if detect unusual neurons 3)Astrocytes- surround blood capillaries to form Blood Brain Barrier -control capillary permeability 4)Ependymal-neural epithelia -line brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
28
What are the 2 types of PNS neuroglia?
Schwann cells and Satellite cells
29
What are Schwann cells?
form myelin around axons in PNS
30
What are Satellite cells?
surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia-protection and support
31
What is a unipolar neuron?
1 process that divides into two: central and peripheral the peripheral end has dendrites which are sensory neurons—remainder is axon
32
What is a bipolar neuron?
has 2 processes: 1 axon and 1 process with dendrites sensory: retina, smell (olfaction)
33
What is a multipolar axon?
3 or more processes: 1 axon, many dendrites all interneurons + motor neurons
34
What type of neurons are sensory/afferent neurons?
mostly unipolar from sensory receptors to CNS
35
What kind of neuron are interneurons? Where are they found?
mostly multipolar and within CNS
36
How are neurons classified?
Structure/Anatomy Function (based on direction of impulse conduction)
37
What are the three types of Neuron Junctions? Explain each.
Neuronal Junction- neuron to neuron and can be either chemical (neurotransmitters) or electrical (ions) Neuromuscular Junction- motor neuron to skeletal muscle Neuroglandular Junction- motor neuron to gland
38
What is the most common type of Neuronal Synapses?
Chemical
39
List the 4 structures of a chemical synapse and explain each briefly.
1. Presynaptic Neuron- neuron bringing the impulse 2. Axon Terminal- has synaptic end bulbs; inside the end bulb are synaptic vesicles that contain neurotransmitter) 3. Synaptic Cleft- spaces between neurons 4. Postsynaptic Neuron- receives the impulse and has a postsynaptic membrane
40
What are meninges?
Connective tissue around the brain and spinal cord.
41
What is the outer layer of the meninges called? How many layers does the brain have? The spinal cord ?
dura mater, 2 fused layers, 1 layer
42
What do you call the space in between the 2 fused layers of dura mater in the brain? What do they contain?
Venous sinuses. They contain blood
43
What do you call the space that is deep to the dura matter? What is it filled with?
subdural space; ISF
44
What do you call the superficial space to dura mater? Where can it be only found?
epidural space and can only be found in the spinal cord
45
What is the epidural space filled with?
fat, blood vessels, CT, etc.
46
What is the arachnoid mater
The middle layer of the meninges
47
Is the arachnoid mater vascular or avascular?
avascular
48
The subarachnoid space contains 2 things. What are they?
1. Cerebrospinal fluid 2. web-like strands of CT to secure it to pia mater below
49
Where can you only find the arachnoid granulations? Where does it project into?
brain; dural sinuses
50
What is the inner layer of the meninges called? Where can it be located?
pia mater; surface of brain and spinal cord
51
is the pia mater vascular or avascular?
vascular
52
Where can the CSF be located?
surrounds brain and spinal cord brain ventricles + central canal of the spinal cord
53
Where in the lateral ventricles can the CSF be located?
cerebrum
54
Where in the 3rd ventricles can the CSF be located?
diancephalon
55
Where in the 4th ventricle can the CSF be located?
surrounded by pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
56
What is the function of CSF?
to cushion CNS- brain buoyant
57
Where is the CSF formed? Where is it produced?
blood plasma; choroid plexuses (blood capillaries) in each ventricle
58
CSF circulation
l
59
What are the two cell types of the blood brain barrier? (BBB)
1. endothelial cells (of capillaries) with tight junctions 2. astrocytes- foot processes wrap around endothelial cells
60
Describe astrocytes.
selectively permeable: allows glucose, fat soluble material does not allow toxins, antibiotics, etc.
61
What is the Cerebral Arterial Circle
cerebral arteries that form a circle at base of forebrain
62
What gland does the Cerebral Arterial Circle encircle?
pituitary gland + optic chiasma
63
What does the Cerebral Arterial Circle unite?
two major blood supplies to the brain, anterior and posterior
64
Blood flow to brain (anteriorly)
65
Blood flow of the brain (starting from internal carotids)
66
Blood return from Brain
67
What are the parts of the brain?
forebrain diencephalon midbrain hindbrain
68
List the 5 lobes of the cerebrum.
frontal temporal parietal occipital insula- deep into temporal lobe
69
what are fissures?
deep grooves
70
What are the three types of fissure?
longitudinal fissure transverse fissure lateral fissure
71
what does the longitudinal fissure separate?
separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
72
What does the transverse fissure separate?
separates cerebellum and cerebrum
73
What does the lateral fissure separate?
temporal lobe from the rest of cerebrum
74
what are gyri?
ridges
75
list 2 types of gyri and what lobes they are located
postcentral gyrus- parietal lobe precentral gyrus- frontal lobe
76
what are sulci?
shallow grooves
77
what do sulci separate?
gyri
78
What are the functional areas of cerebral cortex?
motor areas sensory areas association areas
79
where can the motor area be found?
frontal lobe
80
What does the motor area control?
skeletal muscle movement
81
What are the three regions of the motor area?
primary motor area (precentral gyrus) premotor area Broca’s area (motor speech)
82
List the 4 sensory areas of the cerebral cortex
general sensory area (pain, touch, temp, pressure) vision auditory and olfaction taste + visceral (sensation
83
Where are each of the sensory areas found?
general sensory area = postcentral gyrus in parietal lobe vision = occipital lobe auditory + olfaction = temporal lobe taste + visceral = insula
84
where can association areas be found?
parietal, occipital, temporal lobes
85
What do association areas do?
recognize info from memories
86
what are tracts?
white matter
87
What are the 3 types of tracts?
association tracts commissural tracts projection tracts
88
Where can each tracts be found?
association tracts: from gyrus to gyrus of the same hemisphere commissural tracts: gyrus to gyrus of opposite hemispheres projection tracts: run vertically (brain and spinal cord)
89
What are basal nuclei and what do they control?
paired masses of gray matter “within” white matter; control skeletal muscle movement
90
Is the diencephalon gray or white matter?
gray
91
What consists of the the diencephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
92
what is the thalamus made out of?
2 lobes connected by intermediate mass (bridge through 3rd ventricle)
93
What is the function of the thalamus?
relay station for impulses coming to cortex from the spinal cord
94
Where can the hypothalamus be located?
inferior to thalamus and above pituitary
95
What is the hypothalamus’ function?
major regulator of the internal environment (visceral control)
96
what does the midbrain connect?
pons + diencephalon
97
what does the midbrain contain?
cerebral aqueduct
98
The anterior portion of the midbrain has projection tracts called _________________________.
cerebral peduncles
99
The posterior portion of the midbrain has _____ nuclei which are called ______________________.
4; corpora quadrigemina
100
The 2 superior colliculi are for what?
visual reflexes
101
the 2 inferior colliculi are for what?
hearing
102
what does the hindbrain consist of?
pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum
103
Where can the pons be found?
anterior to cerebellum
104
Where can the tracts of pons be found?
b/w brain and spinal cord + tracts to/from cerebellum
105
what are pons
pontine respiratory centres
106
where is the medulla oblongata
inferior to pons and ends at foramen magnum
107
What are the two bulges of the medulla oblongata called? what kind of tracts are they?
pyramids; large motot tracts
108
what is decussation
crossover of pyramids just above the spinal cord
109
what are the three vital centres in the medulla
cardiac vasomotor (blood vessels) respiratory
110
what are the several non-vital centres for?
swallowing, sneezing, vomiting
111
what is the brainstem composed of?
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
112
where can the cerebellum be found?
posterior to pons/medulla
113
what are the folds of the cerebellum called
folia
114
the cortex of the cerebellum is what colour
gray
115
what is the white matter of the cerebellum called
arbor vitae (deep to cortex and anterior to cerebellum)
116
what is the function of the cerebellum?
coordinates skeletal muscle contraction for balance and posture
117
what are the two functional systems of the cerebellum?
limbic system reticular formation
118
where can the limbic system be found
nuclei in cerebral hemisphere + diencephalon
119
what does the limbic sys regulate
emotions
120
what does the limbic system contain
areas involved in memory
121
where can the reticular formation be found?
nuclei in brain stem
122
what parts of the brain does the reticular formation involve
cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus (together form Reticular Activating System RAS)
123
what does the reticular formation regulate?
alertness and attention; also filters stimuli and only sends new/unusual signals to other brain areas
124
what results when reticular formation is inhibited? what about if damaged?
sleep; coma
125
The spinal cord is from the foramen magnum to?
L1/L2 (conus medullaris)
126
the nerves from the spine continue down through the vertebral foramina as?
cauda equina (horse’s tail)
127
where does the nerves from the spinal cord exit?
intervertebral foramina
128
what is the CT extension of pia mater? (it is also where CSF samples are taken)
filum terminale
129
what separates cord into right and left halves
anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
130
what does the central canal contain
CSF
131
What is the gray matter made up of?
cell bodies, dendrites of motor neurons + interneurons
132
what is the shape of the gray matter?
H
133
cross bar = gray ____________
commissure
134
what are the 3 horns of the gray matter and what are they for
dorsal horn = sensory lateral horn = motor ventral horn = motor
135
What is the white matter composed of?
myelinated axons containing ascending (sensory) or descending (motor) tracts
136
what 3 columns does the white matter form
dorsal column lateral column ventral column
137
What are the functions of the spinal cord?
1. sensory + motor impulses 2. reflexes
138
What are the 12 Cranial Nerves
I.Oh- Olfactory II. Once- Optic III. One- Oculomotor IV. Take- Trochlear V. The- Trigeminal VI. Anatomy- Abducens VII. Final- Facial VIII. Very - Vestibulocochlear IX. Good- Glossopharyngeal X. Vacations- Vagus XI. Are- Accessory XII. Had- Hypoglossal
139
What 2 pairs of cranial nerves are for sensory only?
I & II
140
What pair of cranial nerves are “mainly” sensory
VIII
141
How many pairs are mixed nerves? What do they carry?
9; sensory and motor neurons
142
motor neurons have cell bodies in?
brainstem nuclei
143
sensory neurons have cell bodies in?
ganglia
144
how many pairs of nerves are in the spinal nerves?
31 pairs of mixed nerves
145
list the 31 pairs of spinal nerves
8 cervical 12 thoracis 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
146
where do the spinal nerves exit? what is excluded?
intervertebral foramina; 1st (between atlas + occipital)
147
what are the 2 points of attachment of the spinal nerves to the spinal cord?
dorsal root and ventral root
148
What is the dorsal root
sensory neurons; cell bodies in dorsal root ganglion
149
what is the ventral root
autonomic and somatic motor neurons; cell bodies in ventral or lateral horn
150
what does the spinal nerve join?
dorsal and ventral roots
151
what are the branches of the spinal nerve called>
rami
152
what is the dorsal ramus
innervate skin + muscles of the back
153
what does the ventral ramus form
thoracic nerves OR further branch and join up forming nerve plexuses
154
what is the important nerve arising from cervical?
phrenic
155
what are the important nerves arising from brachial?
axillary, radial, ulnar, median, musculocutaneous
156
what is the important nerve arising from lumbar?
femoral
157
what is the important nerve arising from sacral? what does it divide into?
sciatic—tibial and common fibular
158
what does the rami communicates contain
autonomic nerve fibres
159
what does the rami communicantes connect
ventral ramus (spinal nerve) to sympathetic trunk
160
what are the CT wrappings of a nerve (3)
epineurium perineurium endoneurium
161
what is wrapped around the whole nerve
epineurium
162
what is wrapped around the fascicles
perineurium
163
what is wrapped around the axon + myelin
endoneurium
164
What does the sensory (afferent) division do?
stimulu to receptor to CNS
165
what do receptors do?
detect changes in the environment
166
what are the 3 classifications of receptors
exteroceptors interoceptors proprioceptors
167
what are exteroceptors?
stimulus in external env. = receptors at body surface
168
what are interoceptors
stimulus in internal env.
169
what are proprioceptors? where are they located?
monitor body position; joints, skeletal muscles, etc.
170
What are the 5 types of stimulus received
mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors nociceptors chemoreceptors photoreceptors
171
What is the structure of the general senses’ receptor
free nerve endings or encapsulated endings
172
what are free nerve endings
terminal dendrites of unipolar sensory neurons
173
what are encapsulated nerve endings
terminal dendrites enclosed in CT (ex. corpuscles)
174
What are First Order Neurons
unipolar neuron attached to a receptor
175
where does the axon travel in FON
cranial/spinal nerves to CNS
176
where are the cell bodies located in FON
sensory ganglia of cranial nerves dorsal root ganglia of spinal cord
177
where are the axon terminals of FON
brain dorsal horn of spinal cord
178
what is the function of the motor (efferent) division
CNS to effector
179
What are the 2 subdivisions of the Efferent D.
somatic and autonomic (ANS)
180
what is the effector of the somatic? of the ANS?
skeletal muscles; smooth/cardiac muscle, glands
181
what does the somatic subdivision consists of
lower motor neurons: single multipolar neuron
182
where are the cell bodies of the somatic subdivision found
ventral horn of spinal cord to effector motor nuclei of brainstem to effector
183
what type of neurons are in the ANS
2 successive multipolar neurons from CNS to effector: pre- and post- ganglionic neuron
184
difference of pre ganglionic to post ganglionic neuron
pre: myelinated, cell body in brain stem or lateral horn of spinal cord post: unmyelinated, cell body in autonomic ganglion (outside CNS)
185
2 subdivisions of the ANS
sympathetic parasympathetic
186
difference of SNS to PSNS
187
What are the two pathways of the Nervous system
Ascending (sensory) and Descending (motor)
188
What is the function of the ascending pathway
conduct impulses from general sense receptors into brain
189
what are the 3 successive neurons from receptor to cortex
First order neuron Second order neuron 3rd order neuron
190
FON
receptor to spinal cord (PNS)
191
2nd ON
interneuron, multipolar (CNS) cell body in dorsal horn of spinal cord or medulla
192
3rd ON
interneuron, multipolar cellbody in thalamus- impulses to postcentral gyrus (sensory cortex) (CNS)
193
the axons of the 1st and 2nd order neurons form what
ascending spinal tracts
194
What are the 3 ascending spinal tracts?
Dorsal (Posterior) Column Pathway Spinothalamic Pathway Spinocerebellar Pathway
195
Describe Dorsal Column Pathway
sensations can be precisely located receptors: free nerve endings; Meisner’s, etc.
196
Describe Spinothalamic Pathway
non-specific, difficult to localize receptors = temp and pain
197
Describe Spinocerebellar Pathway
ascending tracts from spinal cord to cerebellum receptors = proprioceptors 2nd ON direct to cerebellum (no 3rd ON) therefore no conscious perception and no decussation
198
What is the function of the Descending Pathway
conduct impulses from brain to effector
199
What are the 2 neuron pathway of the Descending Pathway
Upper Motor (CNS) and Lower Motor Neuron (PNS)
200
axons of the upper motor neurons form?
descending spinal tracts
201
what are corticospinal tracts
cell bodies in cerebral cortex tracts mainly decussate in medulla
202
what are indirect tracts
cell bodies in brainstem nuclei receive impulses from motor cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum

BIOL 1410 (Anatomy) (5 decks)

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