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BIO202 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Organs that produce the gametes

A

Primary Sex Cells

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2
Q

Ducts, Glands, and the penis that deliver the sperm

A

Secondary Sex Cells of Males

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3
Q

Secondary Sex Cells of Males

A

Ducts, Glands, and the penis that deliver the sperm

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4
Q

Uterine tubes, uterus and vagina that receive sperm and nourish the fetus

A

Secondary Sex Cells of Women

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5
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

Penis, Scrotum, Testes, Vagina, Labia

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6
Q

Penis, Scrotum, Testes, Vagina, Labia

A

Primary Sex Characteristics

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7
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics are present_______

A

Since birth

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8
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics are present______

A

At the age of puberty

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9
Q

Breasts are considered ______ sex characteristics

A

Secondary

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10
Q

Increased muscle mass and a beard would be considered ________ sex characteristics of a male

A

secondary

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11
Q

What is the location in which sperm cells are created?

A

Sperm Cells are created within seminiferous tubules within the testes.

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12
Q

What are the three functions of the reproductive system?

A

Produce and Deliver sperm. Produce sex hormones

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13
Q

There are many tubes within the testes known as _______ _______ which are the location of _________

A

Seminiferous tubules are the location of mitosis and meiosis

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14
Q

Along the wall of seminiferous tubules are _______

A

the nuclei of spermatogenic cells

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15
Q

Sertoli cells protect ________

A

immature sperm cells called spermatids

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16
Q

The seminiferous tubules drain into the

A

rete testis

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17
Q

Pouch that holds testes

A

scrotum

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18
Q

what structure travels through the inguinal canal?

A

The spermatic cord

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19
Q

What are the three components of the spermatic cord?

A

Blood vessels, Lymph, and Vas Deferens

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20
Q

What is the main function of the scrotum?

A

Thermoregulation

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21
Q

What are three ways in which the scrotum thermoregulates?

A

The cremaster muscle, The dartos muscle, The venous plexus

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22
Q

Is the cremaster muscle smooth, skeletal, or cardiac?

A

The cremaster muscle is a skeletal muscle

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23
Q

The cremaster muscle is an extension of the ______

A

internal abdominal oblique

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24
Q

How does the cremaster muscle thermoregulate?

A

The cremaster will pull the scrotum up towards the body (center of heat) when cold and allow it to drop away from the body when warm

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25
Q

Is the dartos muscle smooth, skeletal, or cardiac?

A

Smooth muscle

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26
Q

How does the dartos muscle thermoregulate?

A

The dartos muscles acts similar to the cremaster, only it reduces surface area by wrinkling the scrotum in order for it to heat up faster, and vice versa for it to cool down.

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27
Q

How does countercurrent heat exchange work in the scrotum?

A

Heat from the blood of the descending testicular artery dissipates into the ascending venous plexus

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28
Q

The pathway of sperm starting at the seminiferous tubules

A

Seminiferous tubules, Rete testis, Efferent ductules, epididymus, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct

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29
Q

At what structure do the sperm cells exit the testes?

A

At the efferent ductules

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30
Q

Spermatids are fully matured at what structure?

A

At the epididymus

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31
Q

Do sperm cells like acidic or basic pH?

A

basic

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32
Q

If sperm is not ejaculated, it will be

A

reabsorbed

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33
Q

During ejaculation, sperm will travel through the

A

vans deferens

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34
Q

The ejaculatory duct connects the ______ to the _____

A

vas deferens to the urethra

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35
Q

Where does the urethra start?

A

Within the prostate

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36
Q

What are the three accessory structure of the male reproductive system?

A

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

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37
Q

What is the main function of accessory reproductive structures in the males body?

A

To increase volume of semen

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38
Q

What do seminal vesicles do?

A

Make the majority of semen

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39
Q

What does the bulbourethral gland do?

A

Cleans out the urethra

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40
Q

What does the prostate gland do?

A

.

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41
Q

What are the three components in seminal vesicles?

A

fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen

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42
Q

What is the purpose of fructose within the seminal vesicles?

A

For the mitochondria in the sperm cells to utilize for the production of atp so they sperm cells can swim

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43
Q

What is the purpose of fibrinogen within the seminal vesicles?

A

To allow sperm to stick to the cervix of ones sex partner

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44
Q

What is the purpose of prostaglandins within the seminal vesicles?

A

To allow smooth muscle contractions within the female sex partners organs

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45
Q

What is the purpose of fibronolysin within the prostate gland?

A

.

46
Q

The mesonephric duct grows into the

A

male organs

47
Q

The paramesonephric duct grows into the

A

female organs

48
Q

Within female embryos, the mesonephric duct

A

degenerates

49
Q

Within male embyros, the paramesonephric duct

A

degenerates

50
Q

Within the male embryos, the mesonephric duct

A

grows into the male organs

51
Q

Within the female embryos, the para mesonephric duct

A

grows into the female organs

52
Q

mullerian-inhibiting factor causes the degeneration of the

A

paramesonephric duct

53
Q

A special region of the Y chromosome is turned on, producing a protein known as

A

testis determining factor

54
Q

The protein ________ increases the synthesis and secretion of testosterone and müllerian-inhibiting factor from the primitive gonads

A

testis determining factor

55
Q

Testis determining factor also increases the production of _________ which is responsible for ________

A

androgen receptors which are responsible for increasing sensitivity to testosterone.

56
Q

During development, the testes pass through the _________ which is part of the ________

A

inguinal canal that is part of the abdominal wall

57
Q

sustentacular cells are also known as

A

sertoli cells

58
Q

the blood testis barrier is comprised of

A

sertoli cells and tight junctions

59
Q

what is the purpose of the blood testis barrier?

A

to keep blood away from the germ cells within the seminiferous tubules because they can be destroyed by the heat

60
Q

The bulb of the penis and the crura together form the

A

root of the penis

61
Q

What are the five functions of the female reproductive system?

A

produce and deliver ova, to make the female sex hormone, to nourish and protect the developing fetus, and give birth to the fetus.

62
Q

Unlike the perimetrium and myometrium, the endometrium…

A

contains two layers instead of one

63
Q

The stratum functionalis and the stratum basalis are

A

the two layers of the endometrium

64
Q

during menstruation the ________ is shed and the _______ helps generate a new one

A

The superficial stratum functionalis is shed and the deep stratum basalis helps grow a new stratum functionalis

65
Q

What structure allows for the discharge of menstrual fluid, the receipt of semen and the birth of baby?

A

The vaginal canal

66
Q

What type of tissue is the vagina composed of?

A

Muscle tissue

67
Q

Which layer of the vagina causes acidity?

A

The inner mucosal layer

68
Q

How does the pH of the vaginal canal because acidic?

A

resident bacteria in the mucosal layer ferment glycogen and produce an acidic pH in the vaginal canal

69
Q

Lubrication during intercourse is provided by the

A

greater and lesser vestibular glands

70
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulates the production of breastmilk

71
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Allows for the let-down of breastmilk during suckling

72
Q

What two functions does FSH stimulate the ovarian follicular cells to differentiate to do?

A

1) aid in the development of the ovum and 2) produce estrogen

73
Q

What function does LH stimulate the ovarian follicular cells to do?

A

Burst during ovulation

74
Q

When an ovarian follicular cell bursts during ovulation….

A

the follicular cells then develop into the corpus luteum and continue to produce estrogen

75
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete after ovulation?

A

Progesterone

76
Q

Are estrogen and progesterone released at the same time during the female sexual cycle?

A

No, estrogen is usually released first and then progesterone

77
Q

The average female sexual cycles is _____ days

A

28

78
Q

Hypothalamus< Ant. pituitary< Ovaries< ________

A

Uterus

79
Q

menstruation occurs within the first 3 - ___ days of the _____ cycle

A

3-5 days of the follicular cycle

80
Q

The postovulatory phase is also called

A

The luteal phase

81
Q

The follicular phase occurs within

A

The first 14 days.

82
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase?

A

The stratum basalis undergoes proliferation to regenerate the stratum functionalis

83
Q

What happens during the secretory phase?

A

The endometrial lining thickens due to increased fluid secretions

84
Q

The follicular phase occurs at the same time as the

A

proliferative phase

85
Q

The luteal phase occurs at the same time as the

A

Secretory phase

86
Q

estrogen is produced by the

A

follicules

87
Q

estrogen slowly _______ as the ova develops

A

increases

88
Q

The remaining follicular cells turn into

A

corpus luteum

89
Q

what hormone does the corpus luteum mainly secrete?

A

progesterone

90
Q

If the egg does not get fertilized…

A

the corpus luteum will be discarded and progesterone levels will decrease

91
Q

At day 25, what hormone is secreted from the brain?

A

FSH

92
Q

Ovulation usually happens in

A

one ovary at a time

93
Q

How is an egg chosen out of the 25?

A

The most developed egg secretes a hormone that blocks FSH receptors on the other eggs

94
Q

Once a certain amount of estrogen is released, the brain is signaled that the egg is ready for the next phase and

A

LH is released which causes the collagen walls around the ova to weaken

95
Q

The acrosome degrades the

A

zona pellucida

96
Q

The corpus luteam becomes the corpus albicans if

A

ovulation does not occur

97
Q

Erection is due to parasympathetic release of

A

nitric oxide and ACh

98
Q

What are the five stages of sexual response within a woman

A

1) Unstimulated 2) Excited 3) Plateau 4) Orgasm 5} Resolution

99
Q

What are the four things that happen during excitement in a female?

A

Inner vagina dilates, labia minora vasocongests, labia minora and vaginal mucosa redden due to hyperemia, vaginal transudate moistens vagina

100
Q

What are the five components of semen?

A

Fructose, fibrinogen, fibrinolysin, prostoglandins, spermine.

101
Q

What structure in the oviduct are ovum fertilized?

A

In the ampulla

102
Q

An unfertilized egg will survive approximately

A

24hrs

103
Q

proteins on the head of the sperm

A

bind with receptors on the egg

104
Q

once the nucleus of the sperm merge with the eggs nucleus

A

the egg undergoes meiosis II

105
Q

HCG tell the ______ that a pregnancy has occurred

A

Corpus Luteum

106
Q

HCG encourages _______ to keep secreting _______

A

The corpus luteum to keep secreting progesterone

107
Q

The chorion will form into the

A

placenta

108
Q

As hormone secretion from the placenta increases, hormone secretion from the ovaries will ______

A

decrease

109
Q

Oogonia are produced ______ when the female is ______

A

Mitotically when the female is am embryo herself

110
Q

Meiosis I begins at ________ and ends at ______

A

The embryonic period and ends at puberty

111
Q

The completion of meiosis I by FSH produces

A

Secondary oocyte and 1st polar body

BIO202 (9 decks)

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