Reproductive System Flashcards
Organs that produce the gametes
Primary Sex Cells
Ducts, Glands, and the penis that deliver the sperm
Secondary Sex Cells of Males
Secondary Sex Cells of Males
Ducts, Glands, and the penis that deliver the sperm
Uterine tubes, uterus and vagina that receive sperm and nourish the fetus
Secondary Sex Cells of Women
Primary Sex Characteristics
Penis, Scrotum, Testes, Vagina, Labia
Penis, Scrotum, Testes, Vagina, Labia
Primary Sex Characteristics
Primary Sex Characteristics are present_______
Since birth
Secondary Sex Characteristics are present______
At the age of puberty
Breasts are considered ______ sex characteristics
Secondary
Increased muscle mass and a beard would be considered ________ sex characteristics of a male
secondary
What is the location in which sperm cells are created?
Sperm Cells are created within seminiferous tubules within the testes.
What are the three functions of the reproductive system?
Produce and Deliver sperm. Produce sex hormones
There are many tubes within the testes known as _______ _______ which are the location of _________
Seminiferous tubules are the location of mitosis and meiosis
Along the wall of seminiferous tubules are _______
the nuclei of spermatogenic cells
Sertoli cells protect ________
immature sperm cells called spermatids
The seminiferous tubules drain into the
rete testis
Pouch that holds testes
scrotum
what structure travels through the inguinal canal?
The spermatic cord
What are the three components of the spermatic cord?
Blood vessels, Lymph, and Vas Deferens
What is the main function of the scrotum?
Thermoregulation
What are three ways in which the scrotum thermoregulates?
The cremaster muscle, The dartos muscle, The venous plexus
Is the cremaster muscle smooth, skeletal, or cardiac?
The cremaster muscle is a skeletal muscle
The cremaster muscle is an extension of the ______
internal abdominal oblique
How does the cremaster muscle thermoregulate?
The cremaster will pull the scrotum up towards the body (center of heat) when cold and allow it to drop away from the body when warm
Is the dartos muscle smooth, skeletal, or cardiac?
Smooth muscle
How does the dartos muscle thermoregulate?
The dartos muscles acts similar to the cremaster, only it reduces surface area by wrinkling the scrotum in order for it to heat up faster, and vice versa for it to cool down.
How does countercurrent heat exchange work in the scrotum?
Heat from the blood of the descending testicular artery dissipates into the ascending venous plexus
The pathway of sperm starting at the seminiferous tubules
Seminiferous tubules, Rete testis, Efferent ductules, epididymus, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct
At what structure do the sperm cells exit the testes?
At the efferent ductules
Spermatids are fully matured at what structure?
At the epididymus
Do sperm cells like acidic or basic pH?
basic
If sperm is not ejaculated, it will be
reabsorbed
During ejaculation, sperm will travel through the
vans deferens
The ejaculatory duct connects the ______ to the _____
vas deferens to the urethra
Where does the urethra start?
Within the prostate
What are the three accessory structure of the male reproductive system?
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland
What is the main function of accessory reproductive structures in the males body?
To increase volume of semen
What do seminal vesicles do?
Make the majority of semen
What does the bulbourethral gland do?
Cleans out the urethra
What does the prostate gland do?
.
What are the three components in seminal vesicles?
fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen
What is the purpose of fructose within the seminal vesicles?
For the mitochondria in the sperm cells to utilize for the production of atp so they sperm cells can swim
What is the purpose of fibrinogen within the seminal vesicles?
To allow sperm to stick to the cervix of ones sex partner
What is the purpose of prostaglandins within the seminal vesicles?
To allow smooth muscle contractions within the female sex partners organs
What is the purpose of fibronolysin within the prostate gland?
.
The mesonephric duct grows into the
male organs
The paramesonephric duct grows into the
female organs
Within female embryos, the mesonephric duct
degenerates
Within male embyros, the paramesonephric duct
degenerates
Within the male embryos, the mesonephric duct
grows into the male organs
Within the female embryos, the para mesonephric duct
grows into the female organs
mullerian-inhibiting factor causes the degeneration of the
paramesonephric duct
A special region of the Y chromosome is turned on, producing a protein known as
testis determining factor
The protein ________ increases the synthesis and secretion of testosterone and müllerian-inhibiting factor from the primitive gonads
testis determining factor
Testis determining factor also increases the production of _________ which is responsible for ________
androgen receptors which are responsible for increasing sensitivity to testosterone.
During development, the testes pass through the _________ which is part of the ________
inguinal canal that is part of the abdominal wall
sustentacular cells are also known as
sertoli cells
the blood testis barrier is comprised of
sertoli cells and tight junctions
what is the purpose of the blood testis barrier?
to keep blood away from the germ cells within the seminiferous tubules because they can be destroyed by the heat
The bulb of the penis and the crura together form the
root of the penis
What are the five functions of the female reproductive system?
produce and deliver ova, to make the female sex hormone, to nourish and protect the developing fetus, and give birth to the fetus.
Unlike the perimetrium and myometrium, the endometrium…
contains two layers instead of one
The stratum functionalis and the stratum basalis are
the two layers of the endometrium
during menstruation the ________ is shed and the _______ helps generate a new one
The superficial stratum functionalis is shed and the deep stratum basalis helps grow a new stratum functionalis
What structure allows for the discharge of menstrual fluid, the receipt of semen and the birth of baby?
The vaginal canal
What type of tissue is the vagina composed of?
Muscle tissue
Which layer of the vagina causes acidity?
The inner mucosal layer
How does the pH of the vaginal canal because acidic?
resident bacteria in the mucosal layer ferment glycogen and produce an acidic pH in the vaginal canal
Lubrication during intercourse is provided by the
greater and lesser vestibular glands
What does prolactin do?
Stimulates the production of breastmilk
What does oxytocin do?
Allows for the let-down of breastmilk during suckling
What two functions does FSH stimulate the ovarian follicular cells to differentiate to do?
1) aid in the development of the ovum and 2) produce estrogen
What function does LH stimulate the ovarian follicular cells to do?
Burst during ovulation
When an ovarian follicular cell bursts during ovulation….
the follicular cells then develop into the corpus luteum and continue to produce estrogen
What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete after ovulation?
Progesterone
Are estrogen and progesterone released at the same time during the female sexual cycle?
No, estrogen is usually released first and then progesterone
The average female sexual cycles is _____ days
28
Hypothalamus< Ant. pituitary< Ovaries< ________
Uterus
menstruation occurs within the first 3 - ___ days of the _____ cycle
3-5 days of the follicular cycle
The postovulatory phase is also called
The luteal phase
The follicular phase occurs within
The first 14 days.
What happens during the proliferative phase?
The stratum basalis undergoes proliferation to regenerate the stratum functionalis
What happens during the secretory phase?
The endometrial lining thickens due to increased fluid secretions
The follicular phase occurs at the same time as the
proliferative phase
The luteal phase occurs at the same time as the
Secretory phase
estrogen is produced by the
follicules
estrogen slowly _______ as the ova develops
increases
The remaining follicular cells turn into
corpus luteum
what hormone does the corpus luteum mainly secrete?
progesterone
If the egg does not get fertilized…
the corpus luteum will be discarded and progesterone levels will decrease
At day 25, what hormone is secreted from the brain?
FSH
Ovulation usually happens in
one ovary at a time
How is an egg chosen out of the 25?
The most developed egg secretes a hormone that blocks FSH receptors on the other eggs
Once a certain amount of estrogen is released, the brain is signaled that the egg is ready for the next phase and
LH is released which causes the collagen walls around the ova to weaken
The acrosome degrades the
zona pellucida
The corpus luteam becomes the corpus albicans if
ovulation does not occur
Erection is due to parasympathetic release of
nitric oxide and ACh
What are the five stages of sexual response within a woman
1) Unstimulated 2) Excited 3) Plateau 4) Orgasm 5} Resolution
What are the four things that happen during excitement in a female?
Inner vagina dilates, labia minora vasocongests, labia minora and vaginal mucosa redden due to hyperemia, vaginal transudate moistens vagina
What are the five components of semen?
Fructose, fibrinogen, fibrinolysin, prostoglandins, spermine.
What structure in the oviduct are ovum fertilized?
In the ampulla
An unfertilized egg will survive approximately
24hrs
proteins on the head of the sperm
bind with receptors on the egg
once the nucleus of the sperm merge with the eggs nucleus
the egg undergoes meiosis II
HCG tell the ______ that a pregnancy has occurred
Corpus Luteum
HCG encourages _______ to keep secreting _______
The corpus luteum to keep secreting progesterone
The chorion will form into the
placenta
As hormone secretion from the placenta increases, hormone secretion from the ovaries will ______
decrease
Oogonia are produced ______ when the female is ______
Mitotically when the female is am embryo herself
Meiosis I begins at ________ and ends at ______
The embryonic period and ends at puberty
The completion of meiosis I by FSH produces
Secondary oocyte and 1st polar body
