Cardiovascular Flashcards
_______ cells are ________ cells in your heart that act as neurons
Nodal cells are muscle cells in your ______ that act as
_______
How hard do nodal cells contract?
Trick question, they don’t.
Do nodal cells conduct electricity?
Nodal cells do conduct electricity
Cardiac muscle has very little ______ because it uses _______ from the ECM
_______ ______ has very little SR, because it uses Ca+ from the ________
When blood calcium is reduced, the _______ will be one of the first organs to be affected
When ________ is reduced, the heart will be one of the first organs to be affected
Even though cardiac muscle has small SR, it has large _______
Even though cardiac muscle has ______ it has large T- tubules
The _________ includes the blood, heart and blood vessel
The circulatory system consists of ____
Where does the right side of the heart pump blood to and through?
Blood is pumped to the lungs by the ______ side of the heart. Through the pulmonary trunk
Where does the left side of the heart pump blood to and through?
Blood is pumped to the structure of the body by the ______ side of the heart. Through the aorta
The ______ circuit consists of the right side of the heart, the pulmonary trunk and the lungs
The pulmonary circuit consists of the _____
The amount of blood flowing through the _______ circuit is constant/static while the blood flowing through the _______ circuit is dynamic
The amount of blood flowing through the pulmonary circuit is ________ while the blood flowing through the systemic circuit is dynamic
Portal system pathway
artery –> capillary bed (where it picks up nutrients indicator or hormones indicator) –> portal vein –> capillary bed (where it drops off nutrients or hormones) –> vein
What are three characteristics of cardiomyocytes?
They are short, thick, and branched
Cardiomyocytes contain few ______ because they get ______ from the ______ but contain large ______
_________ contain few SR because they get CA++ from the ECM but contain large T-tubules
What are cardiomyocytes connected by?
Intercalated discs connect ______
What form intercalated discs?
Desmosomes and gap junctions form _______
What are the ways in which intercalated discs connect cardiomyocytes?
electrically, mechanically, metabolically, and through electrical synapses NOT CHEMICAL
How do nodal vs non-nodal cells differ
______ cells have a rapid depolarization, and ______ cells have a gradual depolarization
_______ do not have a RMP
Nodal cells do not have a ______ _____ _______
Term for contraction of the atria
atria systole
The amount of blood within the ventricles after atrial systole is known as
EDV is the amount of blood within the ventricles after _____
Which of the following algebraic equations represents the ejection fraction?
SV/EDV
Which of the following ions is responsible for the plateau phase of cardiomyocyte action potentials?
Ca++
Angiotensinogen is made by the _______ and is _______
________ is made by the liver and is acted upon by renin
Renin is made in the _________ and is _______
_______ is made by the kidneys and is released when BP is low
angiotensinogin is made into _______ by _________
angiotensin I is made when renin acts on _________
______ is made by the ______ to convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II
ACE is made by the lungs to convert ________ to. ______
What happens during P-Wave
The SA node reach threshold and the Atria depolarize
What happens during qrs
the ventricles begin to depolarize (QRS complex) and contract, pressure builds up in the ventricles, but not enough to open the semilunar valves and allow blood to be ejected into the arteries
ANP stands for
Atrial natriuretic peptide is abbreviated as
What organ is ANP made by
ANP is made by the heart
ANP promotes _______ and ________
________ promotes Na+ excretion (water follows), generalized vasodilation
What organ does ANP target and what hormone does it do the opposite function of?
_____ targets the kidneys and does the opposite function of aldosterone
unlike ________ ADH triggers water reabsorption by the kidneys by __________
Unlike aldosterone _____ triggers __________ by the _______ via opening more water channels
epinephrine and norepinephrine vaso______ the vessels to the ______ and vaso ________ the vessels going to skeletal muscle
_________ and ________ vasoconstrict the vessels to the digestive organs and vasodialate the vessels going to skeletal muscle
Neural control of bp is regulated by _____
reflexes regulate neural control of bp
In an aqueous solution, ______ forms carbonic acid
CO2 forms carbonic acid in ________
When carbonic acid ________ ph _________
When ______ increases, ph decreases
Baroreceptors can be found in aortic _____, aortic ______, and carotid ______
Baroreceptors can be found in aortic arch, aortic sinuses and carotid sinus
Baroreceptors detect _______
pressure is detected by ________receptors
Metabolic auto-regulation
Tissue is undergoing cellular respiration and perfusion to the tissue is not adequate, the body will detect higher levels of CO2.
When higher level of CO2 are present within a tissue the blood vessels will ______
When higher level of _______ are present within a tissue the blood vessels will vasodialate
Substances that stimulate vasomotion in response to trauma, exercise, or arousal are called
Vasoactive chemicals are substances that stimulate ________ in response to _____ _____ and _____
Getting cut will, doing squats, and being sexually intimate can all trigger ________
Vasoactive chemicals can be triggered by
Name 4 Vasoactive chemicals
Seratonin, Histamines, Bradykinin, and Prostaglandins are all ________
reactive hyperemia is a type of ______ control of blood and is in response to _______
_______ is a type of local control of blood and is in response to blood supply being cut off to a tissue and then being re-established. Hyperemia perfuses the tissue with an excessive amount of blood.
angiogenesis is when
new blood vessels and blood supply is grown to go to a specific area
Why would angiogenesis take place?
In a case where one began to work out more and needed more blood to the newly exercised muscles, _______ would take place
_______ factors and ______ control angiogenesis
Growth factors and inhibitors control _________
During the T wave, the ventricles are resting as they _________ and the atria are also ________
During the T wave, _______ are resting as they depolarize in diastole and the ______ are also at rest
CAD
Coronary Artery Disease
CAD is caused by. athero_______ in the ________ and can lead to __________
_________ is caused by. atherosclerosis in the myocardium and can lead to myocardial infraction/heart attack
what is atherosclerosis?
________ is a build up of blood cholesterol
PAD is _______ and results in _________
Peripheral Artery Disease results in poor blood flow to hands and feet
PAD is often __________ but symptoms may include _______ _______ ______ ______
heavy legs, sore heels, weak pulse in legs and, cyanosis
DVT is formed by a __________ that becomes an ________
Deep vein thrombosis is formed by a blood clot that becomes an embolus and moves throughout the body
DVT are _________ unless an embolus gets _______ and ______ bloodflow
______ are harmless unless an ______ gets caught and inhibits bloodflow
an embolus in the lungs is called ________ ________ and an embolus in the brain can lead to ______
an embolus in the ______ is called a pulmonary embolus and an embolus in the ______ can lead to stroke
Mitral Valve Prolapse is when the _______ valve doesnt properly _______ which causes blood to _________
__________ is when the _______ valve doesnt properly _______ which causes blood to _________
Hypertension is represented as
a BP of 140/90 or higher represents ________
Hypertension is mostly _________
asymptomatic
