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BIO202 > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Lipase breaks down

A

Lipids

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2
Q

__________ breaks down _________ to make maltose

A

amylase breaks down amylose to make maltose

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3
Q

_________ breaks down ________ to make glucose

A

maltase breaks down maltose into glucose

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4
Q

The four stages of digestion are

A
  1. ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 4. Defecation
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5
Q

Amylase is found in the

A

Mouth and Pancreas

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6
Q

______ ________ is the process of physically breaking down of substances to smaller components (bread being chewed down}

A

Mechanical Digestion

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7
Q

_______ ________ is a series of chemical reactions breaking down macromolecules into monomers

A

Chemical Digestion

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8
Q

Is saliva a hyper- or hypo- tonic solution? What does it mean to be a ________tonic solution?

A

Saliva is a hypotonic solution which means that it contains significantly less salt ions than water molecules

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9
Q

Amylose is a polysaccharide that…

A

plants use to store energy

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10
Q

A mash of food stuck together in the mouth by mucus

A

A bolus

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11
Q

Mucus is also a

A

glycoprotein

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12
Q

Until the age of one, infants also secrete _____

A

Lipase in order to breakdown breastmilk that contains lipids

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13
Q

Bicarbonate is a slightly ________ substance to ________ the acidity of food in order for ________ to break down food

A

________ is a slightly alkaline substance to balance the _______ of food in order for amylase to break down food

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14
Q

Accessory structure of the digestive system are _______

A

structures that work along the digestive system but down actually digest

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15
Q

The salivary gland between the ear and tongue

A

The Parotid Salivary Gland

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16
Q

The salivary gland under jaw

A

The Submandibular Salivary Gland

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17
Q

The salivary gland under tongue

A

The Sublingual Salivary Gland

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18
Q

Small Intrinsic Salivary Glands are found

A

Where the mouth is wet, including mucus

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19
Q

4 layers of the digestive system

A

Mucousal, Submucosal, Muscularis, Serosal

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20
Q

The main function of the stomach is to ______ break down food by _________

A

To mechanically breakdown food by churning

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21
Q

The stomach adds _________ acid to liquify food

A

hydrochloric

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22
Q

The stomach begins _______ digestion of proteins to make _______

A

Chemical digestion of proteins to make chyme

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23
Q

The stomach does not really absorb _______ other than aspirin and lipid soluble drugs

A

nutrients

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24
Q

The mucosa of the stomach contains invaginations called

A

gastric pits

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25
Q

The layers of stomach from innermost to outermost

A

Mucosal

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26
Q

The first cells along the entrance of the gastric pit are known as _______ cells

A

mucous cells

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27
Q

mucous is needed to protect the the entry of gastric pits because ________ is released and can ________ the cells

A

hydrochloric acid is released and can damage the cells

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28
Q

Regenerative cells ______

A

replace damaged cells

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29
Q

_________ is secreted by the parietal cells to absorb _________

A

Intrinsic factor is secreted by the parietal cells to absorb vitamin B 12

30
Q

chief cells secrete _______ the inactive form of ________ which digests ________

A

pepsinogen the inactive form of pepsin which digests proteins

31
Q

What are the four functions of hydrochloric acid?

A
  1. Activating pepsinogen 2. Break up CT and Plant cell walls turning them into chyme 3. Converting ingested ferric ions to ferrous ions that can be used in production of hemoglobin 4. Destroy ingested bacteria and pathogens
32
Q

What are the three hormones that inhibit gastric activity without the ______

A

secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory peptide all inhibit gastric activity within the duodenum

33
Q

Cholecystokinin signals ________ to release _______ to up lipids after a fatty meal

A

signals the liver to release bile to physically separate the fat from the other nutrients like water and oil in a pot

34
Q

Low PH of duodenal cells triggers the release of _______ to signal the ______ to release ________

A

______ PH of the _______ cells triggers the release of secretin to signal the pancreas to release bicarbonate to increase PH

35
Q

What structure does the pylorus/pyloric region attach to?

A

the small intestine

36
Q

What is the major site for chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients?

A

The small intestine

37
Q

The three parts of the small intestine are

A

The duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum

38
Q

The large intestine converts ______ into ______ by reabsorbing ______ and ions from the _____

A

The large intestine converts chyme into feces by reabsorbing water and ions from the chyme

39
Q

he large intestine also _____ and ______ feces from the body

A

stores and eliminates

40
Q

The parts of the large intestine are the

A

cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and the rectum

41
Q

Autoimmune disease that attacks vili of small intestine

A

celiac disease

42
Q

Celiac disease is caused by ______ which is a _______

A

gluten, protein

43
Q

How does gluten contribute to celiac disease

A

By triggering overactivity of the immune system in those with CD and causes malabsorption of nutrients

44
Q

What are the four symptoms of CD

A

Weight loss, vomiting, bloating, diarrhea

45
Q

_______ is generally a disease of the large intestine and can result in diarrhea or constipation along with other digestive issues

A

IBS

46
Q

H. pylori is a _______ that causes ______ or _______ _______ within the duodenum

A

bacteria that causes peptic ulcers or duodenal ulcers

47
Q

changes in color of bowel, eyes or skin is indicative of

A

hepatitis

48
Q

bulging pockets of the colon walls is called ________ and when material gets called, the condition is called _______

A

Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis

49
Q

Functions of the colon/large intestine

A

absorption of water, absorption of vitamin K, mass movements, defecation

50
Q

What happens if water is not absorbed within the colon?

A

Diarrhea

51
Q

What happens if too much water is absorbed within the large intestine?

A

Constipation

52
Q

What stimulates mass movements of the _______

A

Mass movements of the large intestine are stimulated by the stomach and small intestine filling

53
Q

When the rectum _______ it causes the _____ to ______

A

fills with fecal matter it causes the anas to relax

54
Q

The anal canal is comprised of the _______ and ______ ______ the first is ________ while the second is __________

A

Internal and external sphincter. Internal is involuntary while external is voluntary.

55
Q

The five sphincters of the digestive system are

A 
The lower esophageal/cardiac
The pyloric
Ileocecal valve
Internal
External
56
Q

nucleases hydrolyze ______ and _____ and turn them into their monomers called _______

A

DNA
RNA
Nucleotides

57
Q

_______ ______ ______ further breakdown nucleotides; breaking down their covalent bonds

A

brush border enzymes

58
Q

Which 4 vitamins are lipid soluble and will be absorbed with lipids?

A

A,D, E, and K

59
Q

B complex and vitamin C are absorbed via

A

simple diffusion

60
Q

B 12 is absorbed when bound to

A

intrinsic factor

61
Q

Lipids absorb into epithelium via ________ and into lacteals via _________

A

simple diffusion

exocytosis

62
Q

Digestion of lipids happens in the ________ with the help of _________ enzymes

A

In the small intestine with the help of pancreatic enzymes

63
Q

What type of digestion of proteins does the stomach do?

A

Mechanical and Chemical

64
Q

Pepsinogen becomes pepsin in _______

A

an acidic environment

65
Q

pepsin breaks up _______ ______ of protein molecules

A

covalent bonds

66
Q

Pepsin is inactive within the _______ because its _______

A

small intestine because of its alkaline environment

67
Q

trypsin and chymotrypsin will act on _______ within the __________

A

proteins within the small intestine, (mostly the jejunum)

68
Q

brush border peptidases break __________ into ___________

A

oligopeptides into amino-acids

69
Q

Amino acids are transported into the epithelium via ______ and into the blood via ________

A

active transport

70
Q

di- and tri- peptides are transported via _______ and broken down into monomers by ______ ______

A

via endocytosis and broken down by intracellular enzymes

71
Q

3 Enteroendocrin cells

A

G cells make gastrin, D cells make stomatostatin, and enterochromaphin like cells make histamine

72
Q

What cells produce pepsinogen

A

Chief cells in the stomach

BIO202 (9 decks)

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