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My2 endocrinology > reproductive physiology > Flashcards

reproductive physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the sex HPG axis

A

hypothalamus release GnRH –> ant pit releases LH and FSH –> testes/ ovaries –> testosterone and oestrogen reduce GnRH from hypothalamus

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2
Q

what does FSH do in females

A

causes growth of follicles + secretion of oestrogen and oestradiol

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3
Q

what does LH do in females

A

after ovulation, causes corpus luteum to produce progestogen and prepares for pregnancy

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4
Q

what does FSH do in males

A

causes sperm production

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5
Q

what does LH do in males

A

causes testes to secrete testosterone

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6
Q

what activates the GnRH receptor in the hypothalamus

A

kisspeptin

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7
Q

what type of hormone is GnRH

A

neuropeptide

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8
Q

what is different about the release of GnRH in females vs males

A

females is pulsatile manner!! males is steady

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9
Q

what does low frequency pulsation in the hypothalamus cause in females

A

low frequency = FSH = oestrogen. oestrogen then becomes concentrated and increases pulsation

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10
Q

what does high frequency pulsation in the hypothalamus cause in females

A

high frequency = LH = progestogen - increased progesterone reduces pulsation and completes negative feedback loop

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11
Q

what happens to GnRH in the onset of puberty in females

A

GnRH pulsation

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12
Q

what does GnRH pulsation control in females

A

menstrual cycle

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13
Q

when is the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

A

day 1-14 (pre-ovulation)

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14
Q

what hormone increases in the follicular phase and what is released from the developing follicles

A

FSH increases and follicles release oestrogen

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15
Q

what does concentrating oestrogen cause just before ovulation

A

LH surge

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16
Q

when does ovulation begin

A

34-36 hours after LH surge

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17
Q

what happens to a woman’s body temp during ovulation

A

increases by 1C

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18
Q

what happens in the luteal phase

A

preparation for pregnancy: formation of corpus luteum from empty follicle which secretes progesterone

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19
Q

what is the longest a menstrual cycle can last and still be normal

A

35 days

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20
Q

what is a follicle

A

an oocyte surrounded by antrum (fluid), theca cells and granulosa cells

21
Q

what does growth of a follicle mean

A

increased number of fluid and surrounding cells - NOT increased egg numbers

22
Q

what does progesterone do to the follicle

A

breaks down the antrum so the oocyte is released (ovulation)

23
Q

how do theca and granulosa cells produce oestrogen

A

theca cells (activated by LH) covert cholesterol –> androgen and granulosa cells (activated by FSH) then convert androgen to oestrogen

24
Q

what enzyme converts androgens to oestrogen in granulosa cells

A

aromatase

25
Q

when do follicles start to grow

A

puberty

26
Q

what is a dominant follicle

A

one that can cope with decreased FSH

27
Q

what cells form luteal cells after ovulation

A

granulosa and theca cells

28
Q

what does the corpus luteum secrete in the luteal phase

A

progesterone

29
Q

what happens do the corpus luteum if the egg is not fertilised

A

stops secreting progesterone and dies

30
Q

in a fertilised egg what does the embryo secrete

A

HCG

31
Q

what secretes oestrogens

A

follicles and adrenal cortex

32
Q

what effect does oestrogen have on the womb (2)

A

increases thickness of vaginal and uterus wall for implantation, decreases viscocity of mucous

33
Q

what effect does oestrogen have on LH and pH (3)

A

regulates LH surge, reduces vaginal LH and reduces lactic acid pH

34
Q

what effect does progesterone have on the womb (4)

A

maintains endometrium thickness, makes the mucous thick again, relaxes smooth muscle in pregnancy, increases body temp

35
Q

where is sperm made

A

testes

36
Q

what hormone in males decreases FSH to reduce spermogenesis

A

inhibin

37
Q

what cells produce testosterone and what hormone are they influenced by

A

Leydig cells under LH control

38
Q

what does testosterone travel bound to

A

SHBG and albumin

39
Q

what is testosterone converted into

A

dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol

40
Q

what happens on day one of the mentrual cycle

A

bleeding

41
Q

what does oligomenorrhea mean

A

long cycles >35 days

42
Q

what does amenorrhea mean

A

absent periods

43
Q

what does menorrhagia mean

A

heavy periods

44
Q

what does dysmenorrhea mean

A

painful periods

45
Q

what is primary hypogonadism

A

problem in the ovaries/ testes and high LH/FSH = hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism

46
Q

what can cause primary hypogonadism

A

premature ovarian failure, klinefelter’s syndrome, chemo

47
Q

what is secondary hypogonadism

A

problem with the pituitary/ hypothalamus - hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism

48
Q

what can cause secondary hypogonadism

A

kallman syndrome, head injuries, anorexia

My2 endocrinology (19 decks)

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