endocrine system

Question 1

what can activate ligand gated ion channels

Answer 1

hormones and neurotransmitters (agonists)

Question 2

how do hormones reach target hormones and what is not involved

Answer 2

released to blood stream, no ducts involved

Question 3

what makes a neurotransmitter a neurotransmitter

Answer 3

if released through synaptic transmitter

Question 4

what is the neuroreceptor to adrenoreceptors and is it para/sympathetic

Answer 4

NA, sympathetic

Question 5

what subunits do adrenoreceptors have

Answer 5

G protein subunits: alpha and beta-gamma dimer subunit

Question 6

once adrenoreceptor is binded, how is it activated

Answer 6

alpha subunit GDP is replaced with GTP

Question 7

how are adrenoreceptors deactivated

Answer 7

alpha subunit GTP –> GDP

Question 8

what alpha subunit is activated in B1

Answer 8

alphaS subunit

Question 9

what happens when alpha S subunits are activated

Answer 9

adenylyl cyclase converts ATP –> cAMP which activated PKA

Question 10

what happens when alpha Q subunits are activated

Answer 10

phospholipase C converts PIP2 –> PIP3

Question 11

what happens when alpha I subunits are activated

Answer 11

inhibits adenylyl cyclase converting ATP –> cAMP, beta-gamma subunit opens K channels to stop depolarisation

Question 12

what happens to the body when adrenaline binds to B1 adrenoreceptors

Answer 12

increased HR and contractility

Question 13

what type of subunits to B1 adrenoreceptors have

Answer 13

alpha S

Question 14

what happens to the body when adrenaline binds to B2 adrenoreceptors

Answer 14

bronchodilation

Question 15

what type of subunits to B2 adrenoreceptors have

Answer 15

alpha S

Question 16

what happens to the body when adrenaline binds to A1 adrenoreceptors

Answer 16

vasocontriction

Question 17

what type of subunits to A1 adrenoreceptors have

Answer 17

alpha Q

Question 18

what happens to the body when adrenaline binds to A2 adrenoreceptors

Answer 18

GI relaxation

Question 19

what type of subunits to A2 adrenoreceptors have

Answer 19

alpha i

Question 20

what happens to tyrosine kinase receptors when insulin binds

Answer 20

dimerization, tyrosine phosphorylated by ATP, tyrosine molecules then illicit different responses within the cell

Question 21

what is autocrine signalling

Answer 21

signal molecules released from cell and bind to receptors on the cell itself

Question 22

what is paracrine signalling

Answer 22

signal molecules released from cells and bind to receptors on surrounding cells

Question 23

what is endocrine signalling

Answer 23

chemical hormone released to blood and travels to target cells

Question 24

what is the purpose of endocrine regulation

Answer 24

homeostasis

Question 25

what does negative feedback do

Answer 25

opposes a change

Question 26

what does positive feedback do

Answer 26

increases response eg blood clots

Question 27

what is intrinsic regulation

Answer 27

resolved within cell/ small clump - autocrine and paracrine signalling

Question 28

what is extrinsic regulation

Answer 28

nervous and endocrine system

Question 29

what is the hypothalmic negative feedback loop

Answer 29

physiological stress causes hypothalamus to secrete hormones which stimulate pituitary to release hormones which have an action that reduces the stress, the hypothalamus detects this and then stops secreting

Question 30

what are the major endocrine glands (10)

Answer 30

pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovary + testes

Question 31

what is the highest level of endocrine control

Answer 31

hypothalamus

Question 32

what is diurnal hormone control

Answer 32

light (day) and dark (night) influence hormone secretion

Question 33

what hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary

Answer 33

GH, LH/ FSH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin

Question 34

what inhibits prolactin

Answer 34

dopamine

Question 35

what does the posterior pituitary secrete

Answer 35

ADH, oxytocin

Question 36

what does the hormone concentration depend on

Answer 36

rate of secretion

Question 37

what effect do adrenaline and cortisol have on glucose levels

Answer 37

increase them

Question 38

what types of hormone receptors are there

Answer 38

GPCR, receptor kinases, nuclear receptors

Question 39

what types of hormone structures are there

Answer 39

steroids (oestrogen, testosterone, cortisol), amine/ tyrosine derived (adrenaline, epinephrine, thyroid hormone), peptides + glycoproteins (oxytocin, ADH, GH, insulin)

Question 40

what are steroids made of

Answer 40

lipids and cholesterol

Question 41

where are steroids stored

Answer 41

haha trick question they are secreted on demand xx

Question 42

what is the RLS in steroid production

Answer 42

cholesterol –> pregnenolone

Question 43

how do steroids bind to their receptors and what are they

Answer 43

pass through membrane and bind with nuclear kinase receptor in cytoplasms, then enters nucleus and binds to DNA

Question 44

which types hormones are carried in blood by cotransporters

Answer 44

steroids

Question 45

which type of hormones are stored and where

Answer 45

amines - cytoplasm

Question 46

which type of hormones are hydropholic

Answer 46

amines and peptide/protein hormones

Question 47

which type of hormones are hydrophobic

Answer 47

steroids

Question 48

what amine hormone required a transporter

Answer 48

thyroid hormone

Question 49

what are 3 important hormone carriers

Answer 49

cortisol-binding globulin (CBG), thyroxin binding globulin (TBG), o Sex steroid binding globulin (SSBG)

Question 50

what organs eliminate hormones

Answer 50

liver and kidney

Question 51

where are steroids secreted from

Answer 51

adrenal cortex (cortisol), gonads and placenta

Question 52

where are amines secreted from

Answer 52

(thyroid) and adrenal medulla

Question 53

where are peptide/ protein hormones secreted from

Answer 53

brain, heart, stomach, liver, kidneys