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Anatomy / Physio II > Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

FSH targets what type of cells to promote spermatogenesis?

A

Sertoli

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2
Q

LH induces secretion of testosterone and other androgens by _____ cells

A

Leydig

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3
Q

GnRH is also called ____

A

LHRH

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4
Q

GnRH induces release of ____ and ____

A

FSH and LH

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5
Q

Testosterone is essential in the production of _____ and ____

A

Sperm

Secondary sex characteristics

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6
Q

Testosterone enhances ____
Increases ______
Protects against ______

A

Enhances libido
Increases EPO
Protects again osteoporosis

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7
Q

Testosterone is aromatized to ______

A

estradiol

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8
Q

FSH acts on _____ cells located in ______

A

acts on sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

What inhibits FSH secretion in the pituitary?

A

Inhibin

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10
Q

FSH stimulates synthesis of ______, which makes testosterone more water soluble

A

ABP (Androgen binding protein)

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11
Q

What is Synapsis?

A

pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

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12
Q

First meiotic division of oocyte occurs just before _____

A

ovulation

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13
Q

______ produce androstenedione, which crosses the basal lamina to get into the _____ cells surrounding the ovum

A

Theca interna cells produce androstenedione, which enters granulosa cells

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14
Q

When androstenedione crosses into the granulosa cells, it is converted to ______ by ______

A

estradiol by aromatase enzyme

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15
Q

What type of follicle has many granulosa cells, and the stromal cells near basement membrane differentiate into theca interna and externa

A

Secondary

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16
Q

What type of follicle is pre-antral?

A

Primary follicle

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17
Q

What type of follicle is ovulated and has a high concentration of steroid hormones?

A

Tertiary (Graafian)

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18
Q

What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstrual
Follicular
Ovulatory
Luteal

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19
Q

The menses phase of the menstrual cycle lasts ____ days

A

5

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20
Q

During the menses phase of the menstrual cycle, _____ levels rise, stimulated by _____

A

FSH levels rise, stimulated by GnRH

21
Q

The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle lasts ____ days

A

10 - 16

22
Q

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, ______ levels fall while ______ increases.

A

FSH levels slowly fall

LH levels slowly increase

23
Q

______ and some _____ begin to increase as follicles mature before the LH surge and peak on the day of the surge

A

Plasma estrogens and progestins

24
Q

The rise in LH during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is due to __________

A

positive estrogen feedback

25
Q

The ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle lasts ______

A

24 - 48 hours

26
Q

What causes the “thermogenic shift” around time of ovulation?

A

Progesterone

27
Q

The Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle lasts _____

A

14 days

28
Q

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, _____ falls while ______ increases

A

Estradiol falls

Progesterone increases

29
Q

What are the four uterine phases of the cycle? What happens during each?

A

Menstrual - sloughing off of entire functional layer of endometrium
Proliferative - Endometrium grows
Secretory - Begins on day of ovulation; glands coil and secrete carbohydrate-rich mucus
Ischemic - destruction of functional zone

30
Q

What happens during Menopause? (3)

A
  1. Decrease in estrogen
  2. Increase in FSH and LH
  3. Ratio of estrogens to androgens decreases
31
Q

What happens as a result of the decrease in the ratio of estrogens to androgens during menopause?

A
  1. Hair growth
  2. Breast atrophy
  3. Vaginal dryness
  4. Skin thinner and less elastic
  5. Hot flashes due to loss of vasomotor tone
  6. Osteoporosis
  7. Increase in risk of cardiovascular disease
32
Q

Why does osteoporosis occur after menopause?

A

Estrogen normally antagonizes PTH, promotes intestinal absorption of calcium, and suppresses osteoclasts

33
Q

Why is there an increased risk of cardiovascular disease after menopause?

A

Estrogen is a coronary vessel dilator

34
Q

Fertilization occurs in the _____

A

ampulla

35
Q

The ____ of the sperm binds to the _____ of the egg cell

A

Acrosomal pellet binds to zona pellucida

36
Q

How does the sperm break through the zona pellucida?

A

the acrosome contains hyaluronidase and protease which help sperm break through granulosa cells

37
Q

Fertilized egg is called ______

A

zygote

38
Q

The implantation of blastocyst occurs around day ____

A

8

39
Q

Most pregnancy tests detect the presence of ______

A

beta subunit of hCG, which maintains corpus luteum and prevents menstruation

40
Q

During pregnancy, estrogen is required for development of fetal ______, stimulates growth of _____, and promotes placental breakdown of _______

A

Development of fetal lungs and liver
Stimulates growth of myometrium, and mammary gland ducts / alveoli
Promotes placental breakdown of cortisol

41
Q

During pregnancy, progesterone maintains _____, thickens _____, inhibits ______, blocks _____, and inhibits

A 
Maintains Endometrium
Thickens cervical mucous
Inhibits maternal immune response to fetus
Blocks uterine contraction
Inhibits lactation
42
Q

Lactogenesis is regulated by ____

A

prolactin

43
Q

Lactogenesis begins during __ month of gestation, but only ____ is produced

A

5th month of gestation

only colostrum is produced

44
Q

Milk ejection is induced by _____

A

oxytocin

45
Q

Lactation reduces FSH and LH, resulting in _____

A

lactational amenorrhea

46
Q

Oral contraception prevents ovulation by reducing _______. This inhibits ______ and prevents ovulation.

A

reduces LH and FSH.

Inhibits midcycle gonadotropin surge

47
Q

What is RU-486?

A

Prevents progesterone from binding to its receptors. A single 600 mb dose administered orally in early pregnancy, prior to 7 weeks after the onset of the last menstrual cycle, terminated pregnancy in 85% of cases

48
Q

What is the difference between Plan B and RU-486?

A

Plan B does not stop development of a fetus once the fertilized egg implants in the uterus

49
Q

Estrogen is officially classified as a _____ carcinogen

A

mammary

Anatomy / Physio II (9 decks)

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