Reproductive Physiology

Question 1

FSH targets what type of cells to promote spermatogenesis?

Answer 1

Sertoli

Question 2

LH induces secretion of testosterone and other androgens by _____ cells

Answer 2

Leydig

Question 3

GnRH is also called ____

Answer 3

LHRH

Question 4

GnRH induces release of ____ and ____

Answer 4

FSH and LH

Question 5

Testosterone is essential in the production of _____ and ____

Answer 5

Sperm

Secondary sex characteristics

Question 6

Testosterone enhances ____
Increases ______
Protects against ______

Answer 6

Enhances libido
Increases EPO
Protects again osteoporosis

Question 7

Testosterone is aromatized to ______

Answer 7

estradiol

Question 8

FSH acts on _____ cells located in ______

Answer 8

acts on sertoli cells in seminiferous tubules

Question 9

What inhibits FSH secretion in the pituitary?

Answer 9

Inhibin

Question 10

FSH stimulates synthesis of ______, which makes testosterone more water soluble

Answer 10

ABP (Androgen binding protein)

Question 11

What is Synapsis?

Answer 11

pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

Question 12

First meiotic division of oocyte occurs just before _____

Answer 12

ovulation

Question 13

______ produce androstenedione, which crosses the basal lamina to get into the _____ cells surrounding the ovum

Answer 13

Theca interna cells produce androstenedione, which enters granulosa cells

Question 14

When androstenedione crosses into the granulosa cells, it is converted to ______ by ______

Answer 14

estradiol by aromatase enzyme

Question 15

What type of follicle has many granulosa cells, and the stromal cells near basement membrane differentiate into theca interna and externa

Answer 15

Secondary

Question 16

What type of follicle is pre-antral?

Answer 16

Primary follicle

Question 17

What type of follicle is ovulated and has a high concentration of steroid hormones?

Answer 17

Tertiary (Graafian)

Question 18

What are the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 18

Menstrual
Follicular
Ovulatory
Luteal

Question 19

The menses phase of the menstrual cycle lasts ____ days

Answer 19

5

Question 20

During the menses phase of the menstrual cycle, _____ levels rise, stimulated by _____

Answer 20

FSH levels rise, stimulated by GnRH

Question 21

The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle lasts ____ days

Answer 21

10 - 16

Question 22

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, ______ levels fall while ______ increases.

Answer 22

FSH levels slowly fall

LH levels slowly increase

Question 23

______ and some _____ begin to increase as follicles mature before the LH surge and peak on the day of the surge

Answer 23

Plasma estrogens and progestins

Question 24

The rise in LH during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle is due to __________

Answer 24

positive estrogen feedback

Question 25

The ovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle lasts ______

Answer 25

24 - 48 hours

Question 26

What causes the "thermogenic shift" around time of ovulation?

Answer 26

Progesterone

Question 27

The Luteal phase of the menstrual cycle lasts _____

Answer 27

14 days

Question 28

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, _____ falls while ______ increases

Answer 28

Estradiol falls | Progesterone increases

Question 29

What are the four uterine phases of the cycle? What happens during each?

Answer 29

Menstrual - sloughing off of entire functional layer of endometrium Proliferative - Endometrium grows Secretory - Begins on day of ovulation; glands coil and secrete carbohydrate-rich mucus Ischemic - destruction of functional zone

Question 30

What happens during Menopause? (3)

Answer 30

1. Decrease in estrogen 2. Increase in FSH and LH 3. Ratio of estrogens to androgens decreases

Question 31

What happens as a result of the decrease in the ratio of estrogens to androgens during menopause?

Answer 31

1. Hair growth 2. Breast atrophy 3. Vaginal dryness 4. Skin thinner and less elastic 5. Hot flashes due to loss of vasomotor tone 6. Osteoporosis 7. Increase in risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 32

Why does osteoporosis occur after menopause?

Answer 32

Estrogen normally antagonizes PTH, promotes intestinal absorption of calcium, and suppresses osteoclasts

Question 33

Why is there an increased risk of cardiovascular disease after menopause?

Answer 33

Estrogen is a coronary vessel dilator

Question 34

Fertilization occurs in the _____

Answer 34

ampulla

Question 35

The ____ of the sperm binds to the _____ of the egg cell

Answer 35

Acrosomal pellet binds to zona pellucida

Question 36

How does the sperm break through the zona pellucida?

Answer 36

the acrosome contains hyaluronidase and protease which help sperm break through granulosa cells

Question 37

Fertilized egg is called ______

Answer 37

zygote

Question 38

The implantation of blastocyst occurs around day ____

Answer 38

8

Question 39

Most pregnancy tests detect the presence of ______

Answer 39

beta subunit of hCG, which maintains corpus luteum and prevents menstruation

Question 40

During pregnancy, estrogen is required for development of fetal ______, stimulates growth of _____, and promotes placental breakdown of _______

Answer 40

Development of fetal lungs and liver Stimulates growth of myometrium, and mammary gland ducts / alveoli Promotes placental breakdown of cortisol

Question 41

During pregnancy, progesterone maintains _____, thickens _____, inhibits ______, blocks _____, and inhibits

Answer 41

``` Maintains Endometrium Thickens cervical mucous Inhibits maternal immune response to fetus Blocks uterine contraction Inhibits lactation ```

Question 42

Lactogenesis is regulated by ____

Answer 42

prolactin

Question 43

Lactogenesis begins during __ month of gestation, but only ____ is produced

Answer 43

5th month of gestation | only colostrum is produced

Question 44

Milk ejection is induced by _____

Answer 44

oxytocin

Question 45

Lactation reduces FSH and LH, resulting in _____

Answer 45

lactational amenorrhea

Question 46

Oral contraception prevents ovulation by reducing _______. This inhibits ______ and prevents ovulation.

Answer 46

reduces LH and FSH. | Inhibits midcycle gonadotropin surge

Question 47

What is RU-486?

Answer 47

Prevents progesterone from binding to its receptors. A single 600 mb dose administered orally in early pregnancy, prior to 7 weeks after the onset of the last menstrual cycle, terminated pregnancy in 85% of cases

Question 48

What is the difference between Plan B and RU-486?

Answer 48

Plan B does not stop development of a fetus once the fertilized egg implants in the uterus

Question 49

Estrogen is officially classified as a _____ carcinogen

Answer 49

mammary