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Anatomy / Physio II > Kidney Fun > Flashcards

Kidney Fun Flashcards

1
Q

Which kidney is anatomically higher than the other?

A

Left

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2
Q

Adrenal glands cap the ______ border of each kidney

A

superior-medial border

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3
Q

__% of blood passing through the kidney is in the cortex

A

90%

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4
Q

How many medullary pyramids are in a normal kidney?

A

8-10

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5
Q

What is a medullary ray with surrounding cortical material called?

A

Renal lobule

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6
Q

Medullary rays are in the _____ are represent aggregations of ___ and _____ tubules

A

in the cortex.

Aggregations of straight and collecting tubules

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7
Q

How many major calices are in the normal kidney?

A

2-3

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8
Q

Collecting ducts perforate the tip of the _______, i.e. the ______

A

medullary pyramid, i.e. renal papilla

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9
Q

Kidneys receive __% of cardiac output

A

20%

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10
Q

Blood supply to the kidney medulla is derived from the __________ of the _______

A

efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli

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11
Q

Juxtamedullary glomeruli give rise to __________ as well as ______

A

peritubular capillaries as well as vasa recta

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12
Q

vasa recta are straight, long _____

A

capillaries

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13
Q

Urea is a breakdown product of _____ and ______ metabolism

A

protein and ammonia metabolism

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14
Q

Creatinine is a breakdown product of ______, which is an important part of muscle

A

creatine

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15
Q

Plasma glucose above _____ will spill into the urine

A

180mg%

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16
Q

Erythropoietin is produced by ________, and released in response to ______

A

peritubular capillary endothelium.

Response to low blood O2

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17
Q

Renin stimulates _______, which _____

A

angiotensin, which increases blood pressure

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18
Q

What does the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule do?

A

Monitors composition of fluid in the tubular lumen

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19
Q

What do the extraglomerular mesangial cells do?

A

Transmit information from macula densa to granular cells

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20
Q

Grandular cells are ______ and are found in the _____

A

modified smooth muscle cells with epithelioid appearance

found in afferent arteriole close to glomerulus

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21
Q

What do granular cells do?

A

synthesize the proteolytic enzyme renin

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22
Q

The JG cells secrete renin in response to what? (three things)

A
  1. Beta-1 adrenergic stimulation
  2. Reduced renal perfusion pressure
  3. Decreased NaCl reabsorption by the macula densa
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23
Q

Reducted renal perfusion pressure is detected directly by the ____

A

JG cells

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24
Q

Decreased NaCl reabsorption by the macula densa is due to _____

A

reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

25
Q

What develops into the nephrons and portions of the collecting ducts during development? All other parts of the kidney are derived from the

A

Nephrons/collecting ducts -> Metanephric blastema

All other parts -> ureteric bud

26
Q

What happens if the primordial tissue doesn’t split to form the 2 kidneys?

A

horshoe kidney

27
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease is: (3)

A
  1. Bilateral, progressive cystic dilation of the renal tubules
  2. Autosomal dominant
  3. One of the most common inherited disorders
28
Q

Polycystic kidney disease accounts for __% of the dialysis patients in the US

A

10%

29
Q

What is blepharochalasis?

A

Relaxation of the skin of the eyelid due to atrophy of the intercellular tissue

30
Q

There is an association between polycystic kidney and ______

A

blepharochalasis

31
Q

The kidney and eye have similar embryogenetic stages at what weeks?

A

7th to 10th week

32
Q

What are associated abnormalities with kidney problems? (4)

A
  1. Severe myopia
  2. cataracts
  3. papilledema
  4. peripheral retinal pigmentation
33
Q

Ureters are ____

A

retroperitoneal

34
Q

What prevents backflow of urine from bladder to kidney?

A

constrictions

35
Q

Where do constrictions prevent backflow of urine from bladder to kidney? (3 places)

A
  1. Where renal pelvis ends and ureter begins
  2. Where ureter passes from abdomen to pelvis. Flatted around the sacral prominence.
  3. Where ureter obliquely enters bladder
36
Q

What is the Detrusor?

A

outer longitudinal layer of the bladder

37
Q

The bladder is smooth muscle controlled by the ______ nervous system.

A

parasympathetic

38
Q

The lumen of the bladder is lined by _______

A

transitional epithelium

39
Q

What is incontinence?

A

Loss of bladder control

40
Q

is incontinence more common in men or women?

A

women

41
Q

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

constant feeling of needing to urinate

42
Q

the male urethra travels through the ______

A

prostate

43
Q

What is Reiter’s disease?

A

Triad of arthritis, conjuctivitis or anterior uneitis, and urethritis

44
Q

What are the bacteria known to cause Reiter’s disease? (4)

A
  1. Shigella
  2. Salmonella
  3. Yersinia species
  4. Camplylobacter jejuni
  5. Chlamydia trachomatis
45
Q

Reiter’s disease is considered to be an ________ disease

A

autoimmune disease

46
Q

By the time the patient presenst with symptoms of Reiter’s disease, what is typically true?

A

The triggering infection is gone

47
Q

What is an intravenous Pyelogram used for?

A

To detect suspected obstruction to the low of urine through the collecting system.

48
Q

What is the most common cause of blockage of urine flow through the collecting system?

A

kidney stone (nephrolith)

49
Q

What is the medical term for a kidney stone?

A

nephrolith

50
Q

How does an intravenous pyelogram work?

A
  1. Dye is injected
  2. Filters through kidneys
  3. X-rays are taken
51
Q

The capsule of the adrenal glands is bound by _____

A

renal fascia

52
Q

The adrenal glands have a ________ outer cortex and a ______ inner medulla

A

bright yellow outer cortex

pale inner medulla

53
Q

Innervation of the adrenal glands is mostly _________ that go to cells of the medulla

A

preganglionic sympathetics

54
Q

What chemical is found int he Zona Glomerulosa of the Adrenal Glands?

A

mineralocorticoids

55
Q

What chemicals are found in the Zona Fasciculata of the adrenal glands?

A

glucocorticoids

56
Q

What chemicals are found in the Zona Reticularis of the adrenal glands?

A

Androgen/estorgen

57
Q

Optometrists prescribe glucocorticoid steroids either topically or orally to treat ______. These steroids feed back to _____ in order to ______.

A

inflammatory conditions

The steroids feed back to the adrenals to turn off steroid production

58
Q

Why are ocular steroids tapered down slowly in patients that received topical steroids for more than a week?

A

The adrenals need time to bounce back from shutting off steroid production completely.

Anatomy / Physio II (9 decks)

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