Kidney Fun Flashcards
Which kidney is anatomically higher than the other?
Left
Adrenal glands cap the ______ border of each kidney
superior-medial border
__% of blood passing through the kidney is in the cortex
90%
How many medullary pyramids are in a normal kidney?
8-10
What is a medullary ray with surrounding cortical material called?
Renal lobule
Medullary rays are in the _____ are represent aggregations of ___ and _____ tubules
in the cortex.
Aggregations of straight and collecting tubules
How many major calices are in the normal kidney?
2-3
Collecting ducts perforate the tip of the _______, i.e. the ______
medullary pyramid, i.e. renal papilla
Kidneys receive __% of cardiac output
20%
Blood supply to the kidney medulla is derived from the __________ of the _______
efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli
Juxtamedullary glomeruli give rise to __________ as well as ______
peritubular capillaries as well as vasa recta
vasa recta are straight, long _____
capillaries
Urea is a breakdown product of _____ and ______ metabolism
protein and ammonia metabolism
Creatinine is a breakdown product of ______, which is an important part of muscle
creatine
Plasma glucose above _____ will spill into the urine
180mg%
Erythropoietin is produced by ________, and released in response to ______
peritubular capillary endothelium.
Response to low blood O2
Renin stimulates _______, which _____
angiotensin, which increases blood pressure
What does the macula densa of the distal convoluted tubule do?
Monitors composition of fluid in the tubular lumen
What do the extraglomerular mesangial cells do?
Transmit information from macula densa to granular cells
Grandular cells are ______ and are found in the _____
modified smooth muscle cells with epithelioid appearance
found in afferent arteriole close to glomerulus
What do granular cells do?
synthesize the proteolytic enzyme renin
The JG cells secrete renin in response to what? (three things)
- Beta-1 adrenergic stimulation
- Reduced renal perfusion pressure
- Decreased NaCl reabsorption by the macula densa
Reducted renal perfusion pressure is detected directly by the ____
JG cells
Decreased NaCl reabsorption by the macula densa is due to _____
reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
What develops into the nephrons and portions of the collecting ducts during development? All other parts of the kidney are derived from the
Nephrons/collecting ducts -> Metanephric blastema
All other parts -> ureteric bud
What happens if the primordial tissue doesn’t split to form the 2 kidneys?
horshoe kidney
Polycystic Kidney Disease is: (3)
- Bilateral, progressive cystic dilation of the renal tubules
- Autosomal dominant
- One of the most common inherited disorders
Polycystic kidney disease accounts for __% of the dialysis patients in the US
10%
What is blepharochalasis?
Relaxation of the skin of the eyelid due to atrophy of the intercellular tissue
There is an association between polycystic kidney and ______
blepharochalasis
The kidney and eye have similar embryogenetic stages at what weeks?
7th to 10th week
What are associated abnormalities with kidney problems? (4)
- Severe myopia
- cataracts
- papilledema
- peripheral retinal pigmentation
Ureters are ____
retroperitoneal
What prevents backflow of urine from bladder to kidney?
constrictions
Where do constrictions prevent backflow of urine from bladder to kidney? (3 places)
- Where renal pelvis ends and ureter begins
- Where ureter passes from abdomen to pelvis. Flatted around the sacral prominence.
- Where ureter obliquely enters bladder
What is the Detrusor?
outer longitudinal layer of the bladder
The bladder is smooth muscle controlled by the ______ nervous system.
parasympathetic
The lumen of the bladder is lined by _______
transitional epithelium
What is incontinence?
Loss of bladder control
is incontinence more common in men or women?
women
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia?
constant feeling of needing to urinate
the male urethra travels through the ______
prostate
What is Reiter’s disease?
Triad of arthritis, conjuctivitis or anterior uneitis, and urethritis
What are the bacteria known to cause Reiter’s disease? (4)
- Shigella
- Salmonella
- Yersinia species
- Camplylobacter jejuni
- Chlamydia trachomatis
Reiter’s disease is considered to be an ________ disease
autoimmune disease
By the time the patient presenst with symptoms of Reiter’s disease, what is typically true?
The triggering infection is gone
What is an intravenous Pyelogram used for?
To detect suspected obstruction to the low of urine through the collecting system.
What is the most common cause of blockage of urine flow through the collecting system?
kidney stone (nephrolith)
What is the medical term for a kidney stone?
nephrolith
How does an intravenous pyelogram work?
- Dye is injected
- Filters through kidneys
- X-rays are taken
The capsule of the adrenal glands is bound by _____
renal fascia
The adrenal glands have a ________ outer cortex and a ______ inner medulla
bright yellow outer cortex
pale inner medulla
Innervation of the adrenal glands is mostly _________ that go to cells of the medulla
preganglionic sympathetics
What chemical is found int he Zona Glomerulosa of the Adrenal Glands?
mineralocorticoids
What chemicals are found in the Zona Fasciculata of the adrenal glands?
glucocorticoids
What chemicals are found in the Zona Reticularis of the adrenal glands?
Androgen/estorgen
Optometrists prescribe glucocorticoid steroids either topically or orally to treat ______. These steroids feed back to _____ in order to ______.
inflammatory conditions
The steroids feed back to the adrenals to turn off steroid production
Why are ocular steroids tapered down slowly in patients that received topical steroids for more than a week?
The adrenals need time to bounce back from shutting off steroid production completely.
