Abdominal Viscera

Question 1

Define Aponeurosis

Answer 1

Broad sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue that invest and forms attachments for various muscles

Question 2

Define Peritoneum

Answer 2

Smooth transparent serous membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen

Question 3

The peritoneum is folded inward over the _____ and ____ viscera, and consists of an outer layer closely adherent to the walls of the abdomen called the ______ layer, and an inner visceral layer that folds to invest the _____.

Answer 3

The peritoneum is folded inward over the abdominal and pelvic viscera, and consists of an outer layer closely adherent to the walls of the abdomen called the parietal layer, and an inner visceral layer that folds to invest the viscera

Question 4

The Omentum is a fold of ______ connecting or supporting abdominal structure such as the _____ and _____

Answer 4

Omentum is a fold of peritoneum connecting or supporting abdominal structures such as the stomach and liver

Question 5

The Mesentery is a fold of ______ that connects some abdominal viscera to the _______

Answer 5

The mesentary is a fold of peritoneum that connects some abdominal viscera to the posterior body wall

Question 6

Where is the retroperitoneum located?

Answer 6

Behind the peritoneum

Question 7

What are examples of organs that are retroperitoneal?

Answer 7

1. Kidneys
2. Ascending and descending colon
3. Most of pancreas
4. Most of duodenum

Question 8

Is the esophagus in front of or behind the trachea?

Answer 8

Behind

Question 9

What is a Hiatel Hernia?

Answer 9

A hernia in which the stomachs protrudes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

Question 10

What is the cardiac notch of the stomach?

Answer 10

Acute angle formed between esophagus and stomach

Question 11

Ascending and descending colons are ______

Answer 11

retroperitoneal

Question 12

The sigmoid colon is in the _______, not the ______

Answer 12

sigmoid colon in the pelvic cavity not the abdomen

Question 13

What are the appendices epiploicae?

Answer 13

small pouches of the peritoneum filled with fat and situated along the colon and upper part of the rectum

Question 14

What are the taenia coli?

Answer 14

Three separate bands of smooth muscle on the outside of the colon

Question 15

Which liver lobe is larger and heavier?

Answer 15

right

Question 16

The liver has __ lobes and __ portal segments

Answer 16

2 lobes

4 portal segments

Question 17

The _____ _____ is the obliterated fibrous remnant of the left umbilical vein of the fetus. It originates at the ______ and passes superiorly in the free margin of the ______ ______.

Answer 17

The ligamentum teres is the obliterated fibrous remnant of the left umbilical vein of the fetus. It originates at the umbilicus and passes superiorly in the free margin of the falciform ligament

Question 18

What ligament contains the portal triad?

Answer 18

Hepatoduodenal ligament

Question 19

What is the hepatic portal system?

Answer 19

A group of veins that carry blood from the capillaries of the stomach intestine, spleen, and pancreas to the sinusoids of the liver

Question 20

What is portal hypertension?

Answer 20

Hyptertension in the hepatic portal system caused by venous obstruction or occlusion by venous obstruction, or occulsion that produces splenomegaly and ascites in its later stages

Question 21

Define ascites

Answer 21

Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the spaces between tissues and organs int he cavity of the abdomen

Question 22

What are the three major consequences of portal hypertension?

Answer 22

1. Esophageal varicosities
2. Hemorrhoids
3. Umbilical varicosities (caput madusa)

Question 23

What are the leading causes of portal hypertension in the US?

Answer 23

Alcoholic and viral cirrhosis

Question 24

What are liver function tests?

Answer 24

A series of special blood tests that can often determine whether or not the liver is functioning properly. Can also distinguish between acute and chronic liver disorders and between hepatitis and cholestasis.

Question 25

What are the 8 liver function tests?

Answer 25

1. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
2. Aminotransferase (AST)
3. Alkaline Phosphatase
4. Gamma Glutamic Transpeptidase (GGT)
5. Bilirubin
6. Albumin
7. Prothrombin time (Pt)
8. Platelet count

Question 26

What three structures are in the portal triad?

Answer 26

1. Bile duct
2. Hepatic artery
3. Portal Vein

Question 27

Blood and bile move in _____ directions in the portal system?

Answer 27

Opposite directions

Question 28

What are the components of the Biliary tree?

Answer 28

1. Right/Left hepatic ducts
2. Common Hepatic duct
3. Common bile duct
4. Main/Auxiliary pancreatic ducts
5. Ampulla of Vater
6. Sphincter of Oddi

Question 29

Gallstones can form when bile contains too much what?

Answer 29

1. Cholesterol

2. Bilirubin

Question 30

Gallstones can form when bile doesn’t contain enough what?

Answer 30

Bile salts

Question 31

Gout is a _____ disease marked by a painful inflammation of the _____, deposits of _____ in and around the joints, and usually an excessive amount of _____ in the blood

Answer 31

A metabolic disease marked by a painful inflammation of the joints, deposits of urates in and around the joints, and usually an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood

Question 32

Pancreatic Cancer is the cause of extrahepatic obstruction of bile resulting in _______

Answer 32

Jaundice

Question 33

Pancreatic Cancer may cause ____ or ____ obstruction

Answer 33

Portal or IVC obstruction

Question 34

How many new cases of Pancreatic cancer occur every year? Deaths?

Answer 34

New cases: 43,140

Deaths: 36,800