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Veterinary physiology > Reproductive physiology > Flashcards

Reproductive physiology Flashcards

1
Q

phases of the estrus cycle

A

proestrus
estrus
metestrus
diestrus
anestrus

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2
Q

what phases happen during the follicular period(phase)

A

proestrus and estrus

oocyte matures and ovulation occurs

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3
Q

what phases happen during the luteal period(phase)

A

metestrus and diestrus

the period from ovulation to degeneration of the corpus luteum

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4
Q

the estrus cycle is regulated by?

A

hypothalamo-hypophysial-ovarian rhythm
and by environmental factors

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5
Q

Hypothalamus secrets gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) which is
regulating secretion of what from where?

A

Hypothalamus secrets gonadotropinreleasing hormone (GnRH) which
regulates secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

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6
Q

what regulates secretion of FSH and LH from
pituitary

A

Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) which in turn regulates secretion of FSH and LH

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7
Q

where does estradiol come from?

A

secreted by growing follicles

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8
Q

What does high estradiol stimulate?

A

The higher the estradiol level the more GnRH is
secreted (positive feedback)

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9
Q

what triggers luteolysis?

A

in the event of no pregnancy, cyclical regression of the corpus luteum is caused by the secretion of prostaglandin F2alpha from the endometrium

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10
Q

what effect does progesterone have on GnRH

A

Progesterone minimises GnRH production
from hypothalamus.

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11
Q

define capacitation

A

Capacitation refers to the physiological changes, and motility pattern changes spermatozoa must undergo in order to have the ability to penetrate and fertilize an egg.

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12
Q

define acrosome reaction

A

occurs after sperm capacitation, a process that enables the contents of the acrosome to be exposed to the outer membrane of sperm in order to initiate fertilization.

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13
Q

define acrosome

A

is a cap-like structure over the anterior half of the sperm’s head that contains degradative enzymes that break down the outer membrane of the ovum

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14
Q

morula definition

A

the morula stage is usually defined as the stage in which the undifferentiated embryo consists of 16-32 cells.

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15
Q

blastocyst definition

A

By Day 5ish, the embryo, now called a blastocyst, is about 70-100 cells, 2 distinct cellular populatiosn and has a fluid filled lumen in the center.

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16
Q

define zona pellucida

A

the thick transparent membrane, composed of glycoproteins, surrounding a mammalian ovum before implantation.

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17
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy in cows and ewes?

A

embryo produces proteins that prevent
luteolysis

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18
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy in sows?

A

embryo produces estradiol that signals existance of
pregnancy to female’s body, and stimulates myometric
contractions to support even distribution of embryos in
uterus

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19
Q

maternal recognition of pregnancy in mare?

A

presence of embryo prevents luteolysis

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20
Q

define placentation

A

development of extraembryonic membranes

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21
Q

name the 3 fetal membranes

A

the amnion,
allantois,
and chorion

yolk sac found in mammals, but it is not nutritive

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22
Q

innermost fetal membrane

A

the amnion or amniotic sac

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23
Q

middle fetal membrane

A

allantois

fuses with chorion and amnion

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24
Q

outermost fetal membrane

A

chorion

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25
Q

which fetal membrane produces hormones

A

chorion

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26
Q

what sort of substances can diffuse through the placenta?

A

nutrients (monosaccharides, amino acids, vitamins etc.),

most maternal hormones (except adrenaline),
oxygen,

antibodies,
almost all drugs (including alcohol),
lead (Pb) and DDT

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27
Q

the placenta will secrete what hormones?

A

horse choriongonadotropin - eCG
FSH
lactogen,
progesterone,
estrogen,
ACTH etc.

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28
Q

how are placenta classified?

A

according to the configuration of the maternal-fetal interface

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29
Q

name 4 types of placenta in english

A

diffuse
cotyledonary
zonary
discoid

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30
Q

describe a diffuse placenta

A

it is almost entirely in contact with the endometrium

almost entire surface of allantochorion is covered by villi (eq)
or a network of short folds (su)

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31
Q

describe a cotyledonary placenta

A

multiple, discrete areas of attachment called cotyledons are formed by interaction of patches of allantochorion with endometrium.

e.g. ru

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32
Q

describe a zonary placenta

A

the chorionic villi form a complete or incomplete band of tissue surrounding the fetus

ca, fe, seals, bears, elephants

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33
Q

describe a discoid placenta

A

an area of the chorion is discoid in shape, adheres to the endometrial stroma

ppl, primates, rodents, rabb

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34
Q

the umbilical cord contains?

A

commonly two arteries
one (or two) veins
urachus

all embedded in a loose connective tissue – Wharton’s jelly. This is all covered by a thick stratified sheet of embryonic connective tissue

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35
Q

define Teratogen

A

are substances that may produce physical or functional defects in the embryo or fetus after exposure to substance

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36
Q

define Uterine involution

A

the process by which the uterus returns to its nonpregnant size

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37
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) function

A

Stimulates release of FSH & LH

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38
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone, FSH - stimulates

A

growth of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males

= gametogenesis in both

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39
Q

Luteinizing hormone, LH - stimulates

A

secretion of estradiol and progesterone so ovulation and corpus luteum development in females

secretion of testosterone in males

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40
Q

what is inhibin

A

gonadal peptide hormone that inhibits secretion of FSH

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41
Q

what is the SRY gene

A

a gene located on the Y chromosome that codes for a protein called testis-determining factor

thus genetic females lack this

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42
Q

define estrus

A

the period during which a female is receptive to mating

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43
Q

define proestrus

A

the period preceding estrus during which a female exhibits changes in behavior indicating the approach of estrus

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44
Q

what marks the starting point of an estrus cycle?

A

the day of ovulation typically, however this is not easily determined, therefore the onset of estrus is used as reference point

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45
Q

describe anestrus

A

the period when a female does not exhibit reproductive activity

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46
Q

hormonal activity happening during estrus?

A

estradiol concentration peaks and declines rapidly after ovulation

47
Q

hormonal activity happening during metestrus?

A

a corpus luteum is formed and secretion of progesterone commences

48
Q

hormonal activity happening during diestrus?

A

a fully functional corpus luteum maintains a high concentration of progesterone in plasma

49
Q

hormonal activity happening during proestrus?

A

increasing amounts of estradiol are secreted by growing follicles

50
Q

define atresia

A

a form of hormonally controlled apoptosis or ovarian follicle degeneration

51
Q

where does the zona pellucida come from?

A

prodcued by follicular granulosa cells that secrete a non-cellula rmembrane that forms the zona pellucida

52
Q

what type of cell surrounds a developing ovarian follicle?

A

theca cells

53
Q

what separates theca and granulosa cells?

A

a basal lamina

54
Q

spermatozoa heads release what enzyme so as to be able to penetrate an oocyte’s granulosa cell layer

A

hyaluronidase

55
Q

define trophoblast

A

the cells of the outer layer of a blastocyst that later become the inner 2 fetal membranes

56
Q

placenta in which both fetal and maternal sides have intact epithelia and separate capillaries is termed?

A

epitheliochorial placenta type

horses, pigs, ruminants

57
Q

placenta in which maternal capillaries are in direct contact with chorionic epithelium is termed?

A

endotheliochorial placenta

dogs and cats

58
Q

chorionic villi with intact endothelia are in direct contact with maternal blood

A

hemochorial placenta

primates, rodents

59
Q

define puerperium

A

the period of uterine involution + to regaining reproductive function

60
Q

define lochia

A

the normal discharge from the uterus after parturition

61
Q

What are Wolffien ducts

A

are paired embryonic structures that serve as progenitors of the male internal genitalia

62
Q

What are Mullerian ducts

A

are paired embryonic structures that develops into the female reproductive tract

63
Q

define extraembryonic membranes

A

includes placenta, allantois, amnion, and chorion.

64
Q

Allantois function

A

acts as a reservoir for excretory secretions from the embryo

as well as to exchange gases used by the embryo.

65
Q

Trophoblast layer and mesoderm layers later unite to become the?

A

chorion

66
Q

bovine embryonic implantation takes place at what point?

A

roughly week 5 after conception

67
Q

define synepitheliochorial placental interface

A

some sources report the epitheliochorial placenta in cows and sheep to truly contain one more layer thus this second term can be used

68
Q

what placenta does not convey passive immunity to offspring and what species does this type relate to

A

epitheliochorial placenta does not convey Ig’s and thus colostrum is essential

cows, sow, mare

69
Q

what placenta does not convey passive immunity to offspring via blood and what species does this type relate to

A

epitheliochorial placenta does not convey Ig’s and thus colostrum is essential

cows, sow, mare

70
Q

Relaxin function and where it produced?

A

softens connective tissues,
enables uterus to enlarge,
widens the pelvis,
concentration increases
before birth

Mare - placenta produces relaxin
Cow, sow - CL produces relaxin

71
Q

Sow requires progesterone from where to uphold pregnancy?

A

Sow needs progesterone from CL during whole pregnancy

72
Q

Mares require progesterone from where to uphold pregnancy?

A

placental progesterone begins to be produced in mares from D70 of pregnancy

Mare loses the CL on D150-180 of pregnancy

73
Q

Ewes require progesterone from where to uphold pregnancy?

A

ewe placental progesterone is enough starting from D50 of pregnancy

74
Q

Cows require progesterone from where to uphold pregnancy?

A

from CL until cow placenta produces enough progesterone from 6-8 month of pregnancy

75
Q

How is parturition initially triggered?

A

due to less space, fetal pituitary produces adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), which induces fetal cortisol secretion

the cortisol causes a decrease in progesterone and an increase in estrogen, also causes the placenta to produce pgf2alfa which will encourage luteolysis

estrogen causes the development of more oxytocin receptors in myometrium which in turn increase contraction

76
Q

Lactogen function and produced where?

A

Placentar lactogen prepares the mammary gland and influences fetal growth

77
Q

Define gastrula.

A

an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure having three layers of cells.

78
Q

Endoderm develops into?

A

pulmonary alveolar cells, thyroid and pancreatic cells

79
Q

duration from ovulation to laying of egg in birds

A

25 hours

(after laying, next ovulation will commence in 30 min)

80
Q

active foaling should last how long?

A

20-30 minutes

Expulsion of placenta within 1 – 2 hours

81
Q

expulsion of mare placenta should occur within what time frame?

A

1-2 hours

82
Q

hemochorial placenta has how many divisional layers?

A
83
Q

endotheliochorial placenta has how many divisional layers?

A
84
Q

epitheliochorial placenta has how many divisional layers?

A
85
Q

epitheliochorial placentas are what shape

A

diffuse

Horses and pigs

86
Q

Cotyledonary placentas are what shape

A

synepitheliochorial

Ruminants (cattle, sheep,
goats, deer)

87
Q

endotheliochorial placnetas are what shape

A

Zonary

Carnivores (dog, cat, ferret)

88
Q

hemochorial placentas are what shape

A

Discoid

Humans, apes, monkeys and rodents

89
Q

what two types of molcule cannot pass from mother to fetus

A

proteins, lipids and triglycerides

each are synthesized “on the other side”

(except immunoglobulins in hemochorial and endotheliochorial placentas can pass)

90
Q

Immunoglobulins only cross the placenta in what types?

A

only in hemo- and endotheliochorial placentas

91
Q

mare full estrus cycle length

A

on average 21 days

(Length – 19 – 23 days)

92
Q

mare estrus phase length

A

estrous 3 - 7 days

93
Q

in mares when does ovulation occur during estrus

A

24 – 48 h
before the end of the estrous

94
Q

3 signs on imminent foaling

A
  • Udder enlarges
  • swelling of the vulva
  • Once the colostrum is detected in the udder – foaling usually occurs within 24h - “waxing”
95
Q

define galactopoiesis

A

maintenance of milk secretion

96
Q

how long does maternal passive immunity persist for in neonates?

A

4-6 weeks

97
Q

term for extra nonfunctional teats

A

supernumerary teats

98
Q

udders can weigh up to?

A

up to 75 kg

99
Q

Which 4 hormones affect mammary gland development?

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • prolactin
  • somatotropin
100
Q

teat cistern volume

A

Duct in teat with capacity of 30-45 milliliters

101
Q

bo mammary quadrant cistern volume

A

Holds up to 400 milliliters of milk

102
Q

define galactophore

A

a duct carrying milk. so a milk duct

103
Q

Each cubic inch of udder tissue contains how many alveoli?

A

1 million alveoli

104
Q

each mammary gland/complex consists of?

A

single or multiple glands, species dependent, and associated duct system

secretory units grouped into lobes, lobules, and alveoli, with intervening connective tissue septa in which run the mammary vessels and nerves

105
Q

in bovine, what structure can be found at the boundary between teat sinus and teat duct

A

Fuerstenberg´s rosette

at the proximal end of the papillary duct the ends of the longitudinal folds of mucosa form this radial structure

106
Q

what cells squeeze milk from mammary alveoli and stimulated by what

A

myoepithelial cells

oxytocin stimulates

107
Q

how many liters of blood is required to circulate through an udder to produce 1L milk?

A

1L milk needs 500 L blood to pass through udder

108
Q

define isometric vs. allometric growth

A

isometric growth refers to the equal growth rate of body parts in comparison to the growth rate of the body

allometric growth refers to the unequal growth rate in different parts of the body in comparison to the growth rate of the body

109
Q

time period for Ig to be absorbed through neonate intestinal epithelium?

A

during first 24-36 h after which they no longer pass through

110
Q

4 main components of milk?

A
  • fats
  • lactose
  • proteins
  • somatic cells
111
Q

name 3 types of fats found in mammalian milk

A
  • triglycerides
  • fatty acids
  • glycerol
112
Q

lactose consists of what sugars

A

D-glucose + D-galactose

113
Q

name 6 proteins found in mammalian milk

A
  • casein
  • α-lactalbumin
  • albumin
  • β-lactoglobulin
  • immunoglobulins
  • Enzymes
114
Q

Ideal length of milking and dry periods in dairy cattle?

A

305 days lactation

2 months dry period

Veterinary physiology (10 decks)

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