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Veterinary physiology > Digestive physiology > Flashcards

Digestive physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is CCK?

A

cholecystokinin

a hormone produced in the small intestine.

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2
Q

CCK function

A

enteric hormone cholecystokinin

triggers your gallbladder and pancreas to contract.

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3
Q

What is GIP?

A

glucose-dependent insulin releasing polypeptide, also known as gastric inhibitory peptide

an enteric hormone released in the duodenum

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4
Q

GIP function

A

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, also known as Gastric inhibitory polypeptide or gastric inhibitory peptide, is an inhibiting hormone

released in response to carbohydrate and fat absorption,
enhances the release of insulin following the intake of food.

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5
Q

gastrin function

A

primarily responsible for enhancing gastric mucosal growth,
gastric motility, and
secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach.

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6
Q

secretin function

A

3 main functions:
regulation of gastric acid,
regulation of pancreatic bicarbonate,
and osmoregulation.

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7
Q

What is VIP?

A

vasoactive intestinal peptide

enteric hormone released in the small intestine
also found in heart and brain

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8
Q

VIP function?

A

induces smooth muscle relaxation,
stimulates secretion of water into pancreatic juice and bile
etc.

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9
Q

ghrelin function

A

multifaceted gut hormone
stimulatory effects on food intake, fat deposition and growth hormone release.

Ghrelin is famously known as the “hunger hormone”.

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10
Q

leptin function

A

Released from adipose tissue

helps inhibit hunger and regulate energy balance so that your body doesn’t trigger a hunger response when it doesn’t need energy

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11
Q

What are the phases of hormonal regulation for digestion(3)?

A

Cephalic phase e.g. mastication

Gastric phase e.g. changes of motility and secretion initiated in the
stomach in response to stomach distension etc.

Intestinal phase e.g. changes in volume and composition of the lumenal
content affect motility and secretion of the GI tract

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12
Q

Describe the saliva of ruminants.

A

isotonic, alkaline due to high concentration of HCO3- ,
contains also urea and phosphates;
important for the neutralization of the acids from rumen

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13
Q

What do Cardiac glands secrete

A

only mucus

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14
Q

Chief cells secrete what

A

pepsinogen

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15
Q

parietal cells secrete what?

A

HCl

hydrochloric acid

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16
Q

what is chymosin

A

also called rennin

an enzyme that is produced by gastric chief cells in newborn ruminants

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17
Q

what neurotransmitter acts to stimulate gastric secretions in response to extrinsic stimuli

A

acetylcholine

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18
Q

somatostatin function?

A

a hormone to prevent the production of other hormones in your endocrine system and certain secretions in your exocrine system

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19
Q

name 5 enzymes produced by the exocrine pancreas

A

amylase
lipase
phopholipase
protease
ribonuclease/DNAribonuclease

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20
Q

what is trypsin

A

a protease enzyme in the first section of the small intestine that starts the digestion of protein molecules

begins as trypsinogen
trypsin activates all other proteases

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21
Q

What vitamins does the liver store?

A

vitamins A,B, D, K

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22
Q

Cellololytic bacteria – degrade what components of the cell wall of the plants?
And produce what by result?

A

-cellolose, hemicellulose, pectin, fructosans

produce VFA

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23
Q

Amylolytic bacteria degrade what and result in?

A

degrade starch and soluble carbohydrates and result in

acids that reduce pH in reticulorumen

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24
Q

Proteolytic bacteria degrade what to produce what?

A

degrade proteins to produce amino acids,
VFA
and ammonia

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25
Q

Methanogenic bacteria use what gas to produce methane?

A

they use CO2 to convert into methane

Rumen gas contains 30-40% NH4 ammonium

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26
Q

Name primary 3 VFAs

A

acetic acid,
propionic and
butyric acid

27
Q

In anaerobic conditions, the carbohydrates are converted in reticulorumen into?

A

volatile fatty acids (VFA),
H2 (hydrogen gas)
CO2

28
Q

When feeding fiber-rich diet, the proportions of VFA-s are:

A

acetate, propionate, butyrate
70:20:10

29
Q

What do methanogenic bacteria convert hydrogen and
carbon dioxide into?

A

methane (CH4)

30
Q

What Seven minerals are required in moderate amounts

A

Calcium,
phosphorus,
potassium,
sulfur,
sodium,
chloride, and
magnesium

31
Q

What main substrates are used for gluconeogenesis?

A

pyruvate,
lactate,
glycerol,
amino acids

(mostly alanine,
glutamate, aspartate)

32
Q

Which 3 amino acids Enable gluconeogenesis

A

– mostly alanine, glutamate,
aspartate

33
Q

Amylolytic bacteria degrade what and result in?

A

degrade starch and soluble carbohydrates and result in

acids tha reduce pH in reticulorumen

34
Q

name 3 main ketone bodies

A

acetone
acetoacetate
Beta-hydroxybutyrate

35
Q

TCA definition

A

The tricarboxylic acid cycle

same as Krebs cycle and citric acid cycle

36
Q

name 3 Lipoproteins classified by their density

A

◦ VLDLs - very low density lipoproteins
◦ LDLs - low-density lipoproteins
◦ HDLs - high-density lipoproteins

37
Q

describe VLDLs composition and source and function

A

are mostly triglycerides

The liver is the main source of VLDLs, which transport triglycerides to peripheral tissues (especially adipose).

38
Q

describe LDLs composition and source and function

A

have a considerable content cholesterol

are formed in the blood after the unloading of triglycerides from VLDL

LDLs transport cholesterol to the peripheral tissues and regulate cholesterol synthesis
High levels of LDL increase the risk of heart attack

39
Q

describe HDLs composition and function

A

have more protein content

HDLs transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
◦ Also serve the needs of steroid-producing organs
◦ High levels of HDL are thought to protect against heart attack component

40
Q

glucagon stimulates?

A

lipolysis,
glycogenolysis,
gluconeogenesis

41
Q

which pancreatic cells secret glucagon?

A

alpha cells

42
Q

what are NEFAs

A

Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA, or free fatty acids)

43
Q

what is Metabolic Rate (MR)

A

Rate of energy output (expressed per hour) equal to the total heat produced by:
◦ All the chemical reactions in the body
◦ The mechanical work of the body

44
Q

what is Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

the energy the body needs to perform its most essential activities.

Measured directly with a calorimeter or indirectly with a respirometer.

45
Q

Factors that Influence BMR

A

Body surface area,
age,
gender,
stress,
hormones

46
Q

Factors that influence (total)
metabolic rate

A

◦ Exercise
◦ Thermoregulation
◦ Digestion and absorption
◦ Growth hormone – metabolic intensity
◦ High temperature
◦ Climate – in hot climate decrease of thyroid hormones
for 10-20 %
◦ Sleep – BMR decreases by 10-15%.
◦ Starvation – metabolic intensity decreases for 20-30%.

47
Q

what does determination of RQ, respiratory coefficient, measure?

A

Measures the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide (Vc) produced
by an organism vs the volume of oxygen consumed (Vo).

48
Q

Kleiber’s Law

A

the metabolic rate is proportional to mass
raised to the power of three-quarters, or 0.75

49
Q

Resting Energy Requirements or RER can be calculated by

A

by multiplying the animal’s body weight in kilograms raised to
the 3⁄4 power by 70

for example, a 10kg adult neutered dog of healthy
weight needs

RER = 70(10kg)3/4 ≈ 400 Calories/day.

50
Q

define Torpor

A

a state of physical or mental inactivity; lethargy.

like a “mild hibernation”

51
Q

what does aspirin inhibit the synthesis of

A

prostaglandins (which play a role in fever production)

52
Q

what compounds are released by lymphocytes or
macrophages to raise temperature

A

Pyrogens

53
Q

what compound mediates fever induction in the hypothalamus

A

Prostaglandin E

54
Q

3 hormones that inhibit hydrochloric acid secretion?

A

cholecystokinin
gastric inhibitory peptide
secretin

55
Q

what is the presumed mechanism behind NSAIDS causing gastric ulcers

A

gastric mucus secretion is stimulated by local prostaglandins,
NSAIDS inhibit prostaglandin synthesis

the presumption is that the inhibited mucus secretion contributes to ulcer development

56
Q

primary digestive function of the liver?

A

to produce bile salts

57
Q

what compound facilitates lipid digestion?

A

bile salts (lipid emulsification)

lipase enzyme plays secondary role

58
Q

define lacteal

A

the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fats

59
Q

what does the pancreas produce in addition to digestive enzymes

A

sodium bicarbonate

60
Q

what two pancreatic enzymes are secreted in an already active form?

A

pancreatic amylase
lipase

61
Q

what is enterohepatic circulation?

A

the recycling of bile salts between the digestive tract and the liver

62
Q

what compound forms gallstones?

A

excess cholesterol that precipitates out of the bile it should be dispersed in

63
Q

Name the 6 main electrolytes.

A

calcium
chloride

magnesium

phosphate
potassium

sodium

64
Q

How does calcitriol increase calcium absorption?

A

low blood CA+ stimulates the kidneys to produce calcitriol hormone (a form of vitamin D)

calcitriol in turn increases Ca+ absorption by increasing Ca+ transport proteins in enterocytes

Veterinary physiology (10 decks)

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