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Veterinary physiology > Endocrinology I > Flashcards

Endocrinology I Flashcards

1
Q

define neurohormones

A

released from neuroendocrine cells, diffuse into the blood

e.g. in hypothalamus and adrenal medulla

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2
Q

define paracrine action

A

receiving receptors are located on neigboring cells

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3
Q

define autocrine action

A

the receiving receptors are located on the endocrine cell itself

Common to the digestive system

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4
Q

define „tropic“ hormones

A

tropic meaning ‘stimulating’

hormones that regulate secretion of another
hormone
Don ́t confuse with „trophic“ - nourishing

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5
Q

name 3 hormone mechanisms of action

A

alter permeability of cell membranes
activate or inhibit intracellular enzymes
regulate protein synthesis

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6
Q

Name 4 classes of hormones based on chemical structure

A

Amino acid derivatives
Fatty acid derivatives
Peptide and protein hormones
Steroid hormones

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7
Q

Amino acid derivatives are mainly synthesized from?

A

amino acid thyrosine

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8
Q

give 3 examples of amino acid derivative hormones

A

Thyroid hormones
Catecholamines
Dopamine

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9
Q

fatty acid derivative hormone precursor is?

A

arachidonic acid

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10
Q

Name what class of compound free arachidone acid is converted into

A

eicosanoids

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11
Q

name 3 types of eicosanoids

A

prostaglandins,
thromboxans,
leukotrienes

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12
Q

define prohormones

A

inactive peptide hormones

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13
Q

Most peptide and protein hormones signal via what type of receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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14
Q

name 3 sources for steroid hormones

A

gonads
adrenal cortex
placenta

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15
Q

name a ‘steroid-like’ hormone

A

d-vitamin hormone/calcitriol in kidneys

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16
Q

how do steroid hormones travel?

A

bound to plasma proteins such as specific globulins or non-specific albumin

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17
Q

how are hormones metabolized?

A

enzymatic dergadation

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18
Q

name 3 types of hormone interaction

A

permissiveness
synergism
antagonism

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19
Q

define permissiveness

A

first hormone enhances a target cell
responsiveness to another hormone

e.g. thyroxine increases the number of receptors for epinephrine

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20
Q

define hormone synergism

A

combined effect of two or several hormones is greater than the sum of their separate effects

e.g. FSH and testosterone in spermatogenesis

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21
Q

define hormone antagonism

A

one hormone causes the loss of another hormones’ receptors / one trumps the other

e.g. progesterone and estrogen,
progesterone keeps uterine smooth muscles inactive during the pregnancy

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22
Q

describe Primary hyposecretion

A

abnormality within a gland

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23
Q

describe Secondary hyposecretion

A

gland is normal but its tropic hormone is deficient

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24
Q

explain how an auto-immune disorder could be hypersecretion

A

irregular antibodys mimic tropic hormone

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25
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) function

A

Stimulates release of Adrenocorticotropic hormone - ACTH

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26
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) function

A

Stimulates release of FSH & LH

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27
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

A

Stimulates release of thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin

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28
Q

name 4 Hypothalamic hormones –hypophysiotropic hormones

A

CRH
GHRH
GnRH
TRH

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29
Q

name 3 Hypothalamic hormones

A

PRL-LH
PIH
dopamine
GHIH

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30
Q

another name for somatostatin

A

growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

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31
Q

Somatostatin functions

A 
Inhibits release of 
GH
TSH
insulin
glycagon
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32
Q

hormones of anterior pituitary

A 
ACTH
GH
FSH
LH
prolactin
TSH
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33
Q

hormones of posterior pituitary

A

ADH, oxytocin

34
Q

3 Corticosteroid types

A

mineralocorticoids
glycocorticoids
androgens

35
Q

Adrenal medulla hormones

A

catecholamines:

epinephrine, norepinephrine

36
Q

Thyroid gland hormones

A

T4, T3 and calcitonin

37
Q

parathyroid hormone function

A

Release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream. Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines. Conservation of calcium by the kidneys.

38
Q

Hormones of pancreas

A

insulin, glucagon

39
Q

2 Male sex hormones

A

testosterone

dihydrotestosterone

40
Q

3 Female sex hormones

A

estrogens,
progesterone,
prostaglandin F2α

41
Q

three major naturally occurring estrogens

A

estrone (E1)
estradiol (E2)
estriol (E3)

42
Q

Pineal gland produces

A

melatonin

43
Q

Kidneys produce what hormones

A

erythropoietin
renin-angiotensin
vitamiin-D3-hormone/calcitriol

44
Q

Adipose tissue hormones

A

leptin

adiponectin

45
Q

Digestive tract

A 
cholecystokinin (CCK)
gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)
gastrin
secretin
Somatostatin
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
46
Q

adiponectin function

A

helps with insulin sensitivity and inflammation

regulates lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity and is anti-inflammatory

47
Q

gastrin function

A

secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach
enhances gastric mucosal growth
gastric motility

48
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) function

A

stimulates the release of bile

also stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice

49
Q

secretin function

A

stimulates the secretion of a bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid

50
Q

secretin function

A

stimulates the secretion of a bicarbonate-rich pancreatic fluid

51
Q

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) function

A

stimulate secretion of water and electrolytes
relaxation of enteric smooth muscle
etc.

52
Q

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) function

A

inhibitor of gastric acid secretion,

stimulates insulin secretion.

53
Q

Posterior pituitary consists of

A

nerve fibers, glia cells and blood vessels

the neuronal bodies are actually in the hypothalamus

54
Q

Anterior pituitary contains

A

endocrine cells, blood vessels,

few nerve fibers

55
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), vasopressin main function

A

increases water reabsorption in distal tubules and the collecting ducts by regulating the density of aquaporins

56
Q

ADH secretion is controlled via?

A

regulated by osmolarity-sensitive cells in the hypothalamus, and pressure sensitive cells in
the circulatory system (sense volume of fluids)

A reduction in blood volume and blood pressure of 5-10% or more induces secretion of ADH.

57
Q

GH growth-stimulating effects are mediated by

A

insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF-1

is synthesized in many tissues, particularly in
the liver.

58
Q

another name for growth hormone

A

Somatotropin

59
Q

a disorder that occurs when your body makes too much growth hormone

A

Acromegaly

60
Q

define gonadotropins

A

any of a group of hormones secreted by the pituitary which stimulate the activity of the gonads.

61
Q

3 examples of gonadotropins that affect females

A

Human and equine chorionic gonadotropin hCG/eCG
FSH
LH

62
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone, FSH - stimulates

A

growth of ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males

63
Q

Luteinizing hormone, LH - stimulates

A

ovulation and corpus luteum development in females

synthesis of androgens in males

64
Q

PRL effects In birds

A

contributes to the onset of brooding and changes of metabolism during brooding.

65
Q

PRL regulated by?

A

hypothalamic hormones PRL-RH and PRL-IH (dopamine)

66
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone function

A

stimulates production of steroid hormones in the

adrenal cortex

67
Q

thyrotropin function

A

stimulates production of thyroid hormones in thyroid gland

68
Q

Regulation of ACTH and TSH?

A

via hypothalamic ACTH-releasing
hormone (secretion is stimulated in stress situation) and
via TSH-releasing hormone (low body temperature
stimulates, high thyroid hormone concentration inhibits)

69
Q

Intermediate lobe of pituitary produces?

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

70
Q

most important glucocorticoids are

A

cortisol and corticosterone

71
Q

Mineralocorticoid function

A

regulate water, Na, K and Cl balance and blood pressure

72
Q

primary mineralocorticoid is

A

aldosterone

73
Q

aldosterone function

A

supports active reabsorption of sodium with associated passive reabsorption of water and active secretion of potassium.

74
Q

the effect of Catecholamines depends on

A

type of receptors, α and β-receptors

75
Q

where is calcitonin produced

A

by C-cells located in the connective tissue between thyroid follicles

76
Q

main 3 endocrine cell types of pancreas

A

alfa-, beta- and delta- cells

77
Q

alfa-cell function

A

produce glucagon

78
Q

beta- cell function

A

produce insulin

79
Q

delta- cell function

A

produce somatostatin, inhibitor hormone (paracrine action).

80
Q

the most important estrogen in the body

A

17-beta-estradiol

81
Q

calcitriol stimulates

A

reabsorption of calcium in the intestines etc

increases blood calcium levels

82
Q

Renin function

A

induces cascade of changes resulting in

the secretion of aldosterone in adrenal cortex

Veterinary physiology (10 decks)

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