reproductive male and female Flashcards
What does infertility mean in a male?
Inability of a male and female to achieve pregnancy despite unprotected intercourse for a period of more than 12 months
what percent of all couples are infertile?
~15% of all couples are infertile it’s estimated to be 50/50
What are some types of male infertility?
Male infertility
Pretesticular
Testicular
Post-Testicular
How do hormones change the infertility in males?
Endocrinopathies most often caused by mutations in genes involved in biosynthesis of hormones, growth factors or receptors
Hormones deficiencies result in loss of intratesticular testosterone production- cessation of spermatogenesis
What is hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?
Uncommon cause, however, efficiently treated with hormone replacement therapy
Reduced GnRH production- deficient androgen secretion deficient spermatogenesis
What is prader-willi syndrome?
Mutations or deletion of a specific locus within paternal chromosome 15 or by maternal uniparental disomy of this locus
Symptoms: obesity, mild or moderate mental retardation, infantile hypotonia, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
What is the key feature of prader-willi sydrome?
obesity
What is the inheritance pattern of prader-willi sydrome?
x-linked recessive
What is anabolic steroid abuse?
use of steroids can create negative feedback in the pitutiary and hypothalamus
How does the use of Anabolic steroids effect serpmatiotis?
Disables endogenous testosterone production and spermatogenesis
What types of mechanisms does varicoceles have that impairs spermatogenesis?
Varicoceles: abnormally dilated scrotal veins
How many males really have varicoceles?
Present in about 15% of male normal male population~40% of men presenting with infertility
What is the main chromosomal disorder that causes male infertility?
Klinefelter Syndrome
What is the main adaptation of patients with Klinefelter syndrome?
severely oligospermic (low sperm count)
What hormones are high?
Increased serum FSH, normal or increased serum estradiol, and normal to low testosterone
What is meant by cryptorchidism?
testicular descent does not proceed normally during development- testis remains in the abdominal cavity or groin
How many are unilateral vs bilateral?
85% unilateral of the unilateral cases 50-57 have impaired spermatogenesis
What are other sources of male infertility?
exposure to toxins
cigarette smoking
testicular temperature
chemotherapy and radiation
What is recomedeed for males going through chemo therapy?
sperm bank so that when the individual is off chemo and wants to have children they are still able to
What is epididymitis?
can lead to scarring of the tubules and obstruction of sperm flow
What is meant by torsion of the spermatcord?
interruption of testicular blood flow 4-6 hours may cause irreparable damage
what does testicular trauma lead to
can lead to testicular edema, hematoma, hematocele, hydrocele, torsion, fracture, or rupture
What occurs when it the condition is congenital vs acquired?
Congenital: stenosis of the ejaculatory ducts, utriculor or mullerian and wolffian duct
Acquired: vasa obstruction due to vasectomy, epididymal obstruction due to epididymitis
Where might ductal obstructions occur in post testicular causes of infertility?
Ejaculatory duct- results in low-volume, acidic, fructose-negative ejaculate
Vasa or epididymides- normal-volume, alkaline, fructose-positive ejaculate
