reproductive male and female

Question 1

What does infertility mean in a male?

Answer 1

Inability of a male and female to achieve pregnancy despite unprotected intercourse for a period of more than 12 months

Question 2

what percent of all couples are infertile?

Answer 2

~15% of all couples are infertile it’s estimated to be 50/50

Question 3

What are some types of male infertility?

Answer 3

Male infertility
Pretesticular
Testicular
Post-Testicular

Question 4

How do hormones change the infertility in males?

Answer 4

Endocrinopathies most often caused by mutations in genes involved in biosynthesis of hormones, growth factors or receptors
Hormones deficiencies result in loss of intratesticular testosterone production- cessation of spermatogenesis

Question 5

What is hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?

Answer 5

Uncommon cause, however, efficiently treated with hormone replacement therapy
Reduced GnRH production- deficient androgen secretion deficient spermatogenesis

Question 6

What is prader-willi syndrome?

Answer 6

Mutations or deletion of a specific locus within paternal chromosome 15 or by maternal uniparental disomy of this locus
Symptoms: obesity, mild or moderate mental retardation, infantile hypotonia, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Question 7

What is the key feature of prader-willi sydrome?

Answer 7

obesity

Question 8

What is the inheritance pattern of prader-willi sydrome?

Answer 8

x-linked recessive

Question 9

What is anabolic steroid abuse?

Answer 9

use of steroids can create negative feedback in the pitutiary and hypothalamus

Question 10

How does the use of Anabolic steroids effect serpmatiotis?

Answer 10

Disables endogenous testosterone production and spermatogenesis

Question 11

What types of mechanisms does varicoceles have that impairs spermatogenesis?

Answer 11

Varicoceles: abnormally dilated scrotal veins

Question 12

How many males really have varicoceles?

Answer 12

Present in about 15% of male normal male population~40% of men presenting with infertility

Question 13

What is the main chromosomal disorder that causes male infertility?

Answer 13

Klinefelter Syndrome

Question 14

What is the main adaptation of patients with Klinefelter syndrome?

Answer 14

severely oligospermic (low sperm count)

Question 15

What hormones are high?

Answer 15

Increased serum FSH, normal or increased serum estradiol, and normal to low testosterone

Question 16

What is meant by cryptorchidism?

Answer 16

testicular descent does not proceed normally during development- testis remains in the abdominal cavity or groin

Question 17

How many are unilateral vs bilateral?

Answer 17

85% unilateral of the unilateral cases 50-57 have impaired spermatogenesis

Question 18

What are other sources of male infertility?

Answer 18

exposure to toxins
cigarette smoking
testicular temperature
chemotherapy and radiation

Question 19

What is recomedeed for males going through chemo therapy?

Answer 19

sperm bank so that when the individual is off chemo and wants to have children they are still able to

Question 20

What is epididymitis?

Answer 20

can lead to scarring of the tubules and obstruction of sperm flow

Question 21

What is meant by torsion of the spermatcord?

Answer 21

interruption of testicular blood flow 4-6 hours may cause irreparable damage

Question 22

what does testicular trauma lead to

Answer 22

can lead to testicular edema, hematoma, hematocele, hydrocele, torsion, fracture, or rupture

Question 23

What occurs when it the condition is congenital vs acquired?

Answer 23

Congenital: stenosis of the ejaculatory ducts, utriculor or mullerian and wolffian duct
Acquired: vasa obstruction due to vasectomy, epididymal obstruction due to epididymitis

Question 23

Where might ductal obstructions occur in post testicular causes of infertility?

Answer 23

Ejaculatory duct- results in low-volume, acidic, fructose-negative ejaculate
Vasa or epididymides- normal-volume, alkaline, fructose-positive ejaculate

Question 24

How might a disorder of ejaculation increase infertility?

Answer 24

Premature ejaculation: inability to control ejaculation for satisfactory length of time during intercourse- seldom leads to infertility

Question 25

What does anejaculation mean?

Answer 25

Anejaculation: complete absence of seminal emission into the posterior urethr

Question 26

what’s the most common injury leading to Anejaculation

Answer 26

spinal cord injury

Question 27

What does retrograde mean?

Answer 27

0.3-2% of cases of male infertility- dysfunction in bladder neck closure in a total or partial absence of antegrade ejaculation- ejaculation flows into the bladder

Question 28

How is the retrograde diagnosed?

Answer 28

Diagnosed with absent or intermittent emission of ejaculation with cloudy urine

Question 29

What is ldiopathic oligospermias pathophysiology?

Answer 29

Pathophysiology of spermatogenic failure in a majority of infertile men is unknown

Question 30

How might benign prostact hyperplasia cause infertility?

Answer 30

Nonmalignant growth of the prostate stroma and epithelial glands- cause enlargement of the prostate gland

Question 31

What is the common age for benign prostact hyperplasia?

Answer 31

Common age related disorder- most men are asymptomatic
Signs and symptoms occur in 1/3 of men greater than 65 years of age

Question 32

How does the bladder adapt to the benign prostact hyperplasia?

Answer 32

Prostatic enlargement causes acute or chronic urinary retention
Acute urinary retention painful dilation of the bladder and inability to void
Often precipitated by swelling of the prostate
Chronic urinary retention obstructive and irritative voiding symptoms
Patient presents with marked urinary retention with few other symptoms

Question 33

Is benign prostact hyperplasia milgnant or non milangnat growth?

Answer 33

nonmalignant

Question 34

How much can the prostate grow in benign prostact hyperplasia?

Answer 34

10x the normal size

Question 35

What are the differences between irritated and obstructive symptoms?

Answer 35

Irritative: occur as a consequence of bladder hypertrophy and dysfunction and include urinary frequency, nocturia, and urgency

Obstructive: result from distortion and narrowing of the bladder neck and prostatic urethra, leading to incomplete emptying of the bladder

Difficulty initiating urination, decreased force and caliber of the urinary stream, intermittency of the urinary stream, urinary hesitancy, and dribbling

Question 36

What are the complications of benign prostate hyperplasia?