cellular pathology Flashcards
what is the meaning of pathology
study of disease
what is the response of cells who undergo external pressures from the enviorment?
- cell is changed to maintain homeostasis
- to survive cells adapt
- if unable to adapt the cell will die
what are some external pressures placed on a cell
trauma
temperature
bacteria
what are some internal pressures placed on a cell
oxygen
pH
blood glucose
what are the 4 main cell adaptations
- hyperplasia
- hypertrophy
- atrophy
- metaplasia
what is meant by homeostasis
the maintenance of the internal stable conditions. the cell membrane keeps the cell in balance
what is the meaning of hyperplasia?
increase in the number of cells
give an example of physiological hyperplasia
menstrual cycles
give an example of pathological hyperplasia
endometriosis
give a definition for physiologic cell adaptation
due to normal stressor or initiator
give a definition for pathological cell injury
due to abnormal stressor or initator
what is meant by hypertrophy?
increase in the size of the cell
skeletal muscle hypertrophy with exercise is what type of hypertrophy
physiological hypertrophy
Left ventricle hypertrophy due to High BP is what type of hypertrophy?
pathological hypertrophy
what is the definition of atrophy?
decrease in the size of a cell that has at one time been of normal size
decrease in uterus size after pregnancy is an example of what type of atrophy
physiologic atrophy
loss of stimulus to an organ or muscle; peripheral nerve damage is an example of what type of atrophy
pathological
what is the definition for metaplasia?
conversion of one cell type to another
epithelium will be normal in appearance but will be found in an abnormal location
what type of metaplasia is cervical ectopy?
physiological metaplasia
what type of metaplasia is cellular replacement in the presence of estrogen
physiological metaplasia
what type of metaplasia is a conversion from columbar epithelial cells to squamous epithelial cells in the airways of individuals who smoke?
pathological metaplasia
when does cell injury occur?
cell injury occurs when the cells cannot adapt to their new environment
hypoxia means?
decreased oxygen
ischemia means?
decreased blood flow
what are the five ways cells can be injured
- HYPOXIA
- ISCHEMIA
- physical and chemical agents
- trauma
- infection
what is vulnerable to cell injury?
- DNA
- Cell Membrane
- Protein Generation
- ATP Production
what are the two divisions of cellular injury
reversible cellular injury and irreversible cellular injury
T OR F: irreversible cell injury will lead to cell death?
true
what does apoptosis mean
programed cell death in response to damage to the DNA or normal growth and development
what initiates apoptosis
caspases is a catalysis of apoptosis
what is the execution stage of apoptosis look like
Caspases causes cell death
DURING IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY IS THERE A INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
No, irreversable cell death does not provoke a inflammatory responce
What is necrosis?
uncontrolled cell death
in what type of irreversable cell injury is there an inflammatory response
necrosis only
what is meant by liquefactive necrosis
transformation of tissue into liquid viscous mass
due to bacteria, virus, or parasite
where does liquefactive necrosis normally occur
in high fat and low protein organs like the brain
or
high enzymatic content organs
like the pancreas
what is meant by fat necrosis?
inflammatory process which results in death of fat cells
occurs from trauma
where is fat necrosis most common?
in breast tissue
what the definition for avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis) ?
death to bone tissue that is caused by a lack of blood supply
what does avascular necrosis lead to?
can lead to tiny breaks in the bone and the bone’s eventual collapse
what causes avascular necrosis?
joint or bone trauma, fatty deposits in the blood vessels, sickle cell anemia
what does cellular accumulation mean
a accumulation of substances in the cells as a result of external and internal factors
the external factors are damage to the cell
the internal factor is genetic abmorality
what are the 7 mentioned cellular accumulations that are noticed in the body
- calcium
- protein
- iron
- fats
- cholesterol
- glycogen
- pigments
cpifcgp
How do calcium accumulations happen within the cell
patients who have hypercalcemia have deposition of the calcium within normal or abnormal tissues.
what is it called when there is calcification on the tricuspid valve
dystrophic calcification
as a physical therapist if there is a calcification in the shoulder joint what might you see?
shoulder calcification
IMPINGEMENT
where might a protein accumulation be noticed
neurofibrillary tangles in alzheimers disease
what are the two types of iron accumulation?
hemosiderosis
hemochromatosis
what is hemosiderosis
accucumulation of iron in organs
mainly found in the liver and pancreas
what does hemochromatosis mean
a accumulation of iron in the parenchymal cells
seen in CHF, Diabetes, and Cirrhosis
what is the meaning of parenchymal cells
the normal cell type that lives in that area
cellular accumulations of fat are seen where
mostly effect the liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle
where would one notice a cellular accumulation of cholesterol
blood vessels
athrosclerosis
where would one find glycogen accumulations? What normally causes these accumulations
noticed in the liver and skeletal muscles
typically from a genetic disorder
where would pigment accumulations be found?
exogenous- like a tatoo
Endogenous- jonduce
what is cellular aging?
the process of becoming older
a process that is genetically determined and enviormentally modulated
what role do telomeres have in the cellular aging process
protect the end of a chromosome
with each cell division they shorten
eventually DNA is interpreted as non functional
What is the condition where there is early cellular aging occuring
Werners syndrome
autosomal recessive
what are the pt implications for cellular change?
muscular atrophy and avascular necrosis
what would you use for muscular atrophy from cellular aging
- theraputic exercises
- strength training
- aquatic therapy
- standing programs
- respiratory manangement
- feeding
- skeletal and scoliosis management
-assistive devices
what would you use for avascular necrosis
decrease load with assistive device
maintain joint mobility
stregthen muscles
E-stim and US for stimulating bone growth
