Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

clin med > cellular pathology > Flashcards

cellular pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the meaning of pathology

A

study of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the response of cells who undergo external pressures from the enviorment?

A
  1. cell is changed to maintain homeostasis
  2. to survive cells adapt
  3. if unable to adapt the cell will die
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are some external pressures placed on a cell

A

trauma
temperature
bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some internal pressures placed on a cell

A

oxygen
pH
blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 4 main cell adaptations

A
  1. hyperplasia
  2. hypertrophy
  3. atrophy
  4. metaplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is meant by homeostasis

A

the maintenance of the internal stable conditions. the cell membrane keeps the cell in balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the meaning of hyperplasia?

A

increase in the number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

give an example of physiological hyperplasia

A

menstrual cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

give an example of pathological hyperplasia

A

endometriosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

give a definition for physiologic cell adaptation

A

due to normal stressor or initiator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

give a definition for pathological cell injury

A

due to abnormal stressor or initator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is meant by hypertrophy?

A

increase in the size of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

skeletal muscle hypertrophy with exercise is what type of hypertrophy

A

physiological hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Left ventricle hypertrophy due to High BP is what type of hypertrophy?

A

pathological hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the definition of atrophy?

A

decrease in the size of a cell that has at one time been of normal size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

decrease in uterus size after pregnancy is an example of what type of atrophy

A

physiologic atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

loss of stimulus to an organ or muscle; peripheral nerve damage is an example of what type of atrophy

A

pathological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the definition for metaplasia?

A

conversion of one cell type to another

epithelium will be normal in appearance but will be found in an abnormal location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what type of metaplasia is cervical ectopy?

A

physiological metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what type of metaplasia is cellular replacement in the presence of estrogen

A

physiological metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what type of metaplasia is a conversion from columbar epithelial cells to squamous epithelial cells in the airways of individuals who smoke?

A

pathological metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

when does cell injury occur?

A

cell injury occurs when the cells cannot adapt to their new environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hypoxia means?

A

decreased oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ischemia means?

A

decreased blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the five ways cells can be injured

A
  1. HYPOXIA
  2. ISCHEMIA
  3. physical and chemical agents
  4. trauma
  5. infection
26
Q

what is vulnerable to cell injury?

A
  • DNA
  • Cell Membrane
  • Protein Generation
  • ATP Production
27
Q

what are the two divisions of cellular injury

A

reversible cellular injury and irreversible cellular injury

28
Q

T OR F: irreversible cell injury will lead to cell death?

A

true

29
Q

what does apoptosis mean

A

programed cell death in response to damage to the DNA or normal growth and development

30
Q

what initiates apoptosis

A

caspases is a catalysis of apoptosis

31
Q

what is the execution stage of apoptosis look like

A

Caspases causes cell death

32
Q

DURING IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY IS THERE A INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

A

No, irreversable cell death does not provoke a inflammatory responce

33
Q

What is necrosis?

A

uncontrolled cell death

34
Q

in what type of irreversable cell injury is there an inflammatory response

A

necrosis only

35
Q

what is meant by liquefactive necrosis

A

transformation of tissue into liquid viscous mass

due to bacteria, virus, or parasite

36
Q

where does liquefactive necrosis normally occur

A

in high fat and low protein organs like the brain
or
high enzymatic content organs
like the pancreas

37
Q

what is meant by fat necrosis?

A

inflammatory process which results in death of fat cells

occurs from trauma

38
Q

where is fat necrosis most common?

A

in breast tissue

39
Q

what the definition for avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis) ?

A

death to bone tissue that is caused by a lack of blood supply

40
Q

what does avascular necrosis lead to?

A

can lead to tiny breaks in the bone and the bone’s eventual collapse

41
Q

what causes avascular necrosis?

A

joint or bone trauma, fatty deposits in the blood vessels, sickle cell anemia

42
Q

what does cellular accumulation mean

A

a accumulation of substances in the cells as a result of external and internal factors

the external factors are damage to the cell

the internal factor is genetic abmorality

43
Q

what are the 7 mentioned cellular accumulations that are noticed in the body

A
  1. calcium
  2. protein
  3. iron
  4. fats
  5. cholesterol
  6. glycogen
  7. pigments

cpifcgp

44
Q

How do calcium accumulations happen within the cell

A

patients who have hypercalcemia have deposition of the calcium within normal or abnormal tissues.

45
Q

what is it called when there is calcification on the tricuspid valve

A

dystrophic calcification

46
Q

as a physical therapist if there is a calcification in the shoulder joint what might you see?

A

shoulder calcification
IMPINGEMENT

47
Q

where might a protein accumulation be noticed

A

neurofibrillary tangles in alzheimers disease

48
Q

what are the two types of iron accumulation?

A

hemosiderosis
hemochromatosis

49
Q

what is hemosiderosis

A

accucumulation of iron in organs

mainly found in the liver and pancreas

50
Q

what does hemochromatosis mean

A

a accumulation of iron in the parenchymal cells

seen in CHF, Diabetes, and Cirrhosis

51
Q

what is the meaning of parenchymal cells

A

the normal cell type that lives in that area

52
Q

cellular accumulations of fat are seen where

A

mostly effect the liver, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle

53
Q

where would one notice a cellular accumulation of cholesterol

A

blood vessels
athrosclerosis

54
Q

where would one find glycogen accumulations? What normally causes these accumulations

A

noticed in the liver and skeletal muscles

typically from a genetic disorder

55
Q

where would pigment accumulations be found?

A

exogenous- like a tatoo

Endogenous- jonduce

56
Q

what is cellular aging?

A

the process of becoming older
a process that is genetically determined and enviormentally modulated

57
Q

what role do telomeres have in the cellular aging process

A

protect the end of a chromosome

with each cell division they shorten

eventually DNA is interpreted as non functional

58
Q

What is the condition where there is early cellular aging occuring

A

Werners syndrome

autosomal recessive

59
Q

what are the pt implications for cellular change?

A

muscular atrophy and avascular necrosis

60
Q

what would you use for muscular atrophy from cellular aging

A
  • theraputic exercises
  • strength training
  • aquatic therapy
  • standing programs
  • respiratory manangement
  • feeding
  • skeletal and scoliosis management
    -assistive devices
61
Q

what would you use for avascular necrosis

A

decrease load with assistive device
maintain joint mobility
stregthen muscles
E-stim and US for stimulating bone growth

clin med (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions