Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

clin med > Hematopathology > Flashcards

Hematopathology Flashcards

1
Q

hematopathology is the study of what

A

diseases of res blood cells, white blood cells and coagulated disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

process of stem cells coming from the bone marrow to make blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

hemoglobin is the gram percentage of red blood cells in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

the percentage of red blood cells in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

when should you be worried about the hemoglobin range?

A

7g or lower patient should not be moved out of the bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

anemia is?

A

shortage of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are three mechanisms of anemia

A
  • blood loss
  • decreased production of RBC
  • increased destruction of RBC- hemolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the morphology of anemia?

A

-reticulocyte count
high count= bone marrow is responding to anemia by producing more rbc
low count= production problem
size of RBC
amount of hemoglobin (Hb)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are reticulocytes?

A

immature RBCs - In the process of erythropoiesis, develop and mature in the bone marrow, circulate for about a day in the blood stream before developing into mature red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

must know: what numbers of a MCV make a microcyte

A

mcv <80fL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

must know: what numbers of a MCV make a macrocyte

A

MCV> 95 fL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is MCV

A

mean cell volume
it is the measure of average volume of RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does MCH mean

A

mean cell hemoglobin

it is a measurement of the average weight of hemoglobin in individual erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does MCHC mean?

A

mean cell hemoglobin concentration

it is the average concentration of hemoglobin in erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

must know: what is a normal MCH level?

A

30 picograms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

must know: what is a normal MCV level?

A

90 fL or 90u3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

must know: what is a normal MCHC level?

A

30 gram/100ml of RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the mechanism of aplastic anemia

A

bone marrow failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the mechanisms of anemia in reference to blood loss?

A

Acute – trauma
Chronic – bleeding from GI pathology or menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the mechanisms of anemia in reference to decreased production of RBC?

A

-Disturbance of stem cells
-Defective heme production
-Defective DNA production
-Destruction of bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the mechanisms of anemia in reference to increased destruction of RBC due to external factors?

A

Autoimmune
Trauma
Infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the mechanisms of anemia in reference to Increased Destruction of RBCs due to Hereditary Internal Factors?

A

Hemoglobin structural abnormality
Enzyme deficiencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the normal shape of red blood cells

A

Round, biconcave, flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what shape is a spherocyte shaped red blood cell?

A

sphere shaped RBC vs round

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what shape is a schistocytes shaped red blood cell?
fragmented red blood cells that can take on different shapes
26
what is the adaptation that occurs with target cells?
an abnormal form of red blood cell which appears as a dark ring surrounding a dark central spot, excessive cell membrane & reduced hemoglobin
27
what is the adaptation that occurs with skickle cells?
an inherited form of anemia — a condition in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen throughout your body
28
what is the adaptation that occurs with Rouleaux cells?
stacks or aggregations of red blood cells (RBCs) that form because of the unique discoid shape of the cells in vertebrates. The flat surface of the discoid RBCs gives them a large surface area to make contact with and stick to each other
29
clinical presentation of anemia
- pale skin - fatigue - chest pain - syncope - dizziness - dyspnea or exertion
30
Must know: what component is the functional unit for oxygen carry ing RBC?
heme
31
what is the normal amount of Hbg to RBC
~280 Million Hbg per 1 RBC
32
1 hbg is how many globuluin chains? how many globulin Chans are heme units? how 4 heme units make how many oxygen carrying molecules?
1 Hbg = 4 globulin chains = 4 Heme/Iron = 4 Oxygen Molecule
33
what is hemoglobin?
Protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.
34
what is hypochromaic anemia
a generic term for any type of anemia in which the red blood cells (erythrocytes) are paler than normal hypo- less chromic- color
35
what is the most common cause of microcytic anemia
iron deficiency
36
what are the causes of iron deficient anemia
GI Hemorrhage ➔ chronic blood loss Menstruation➔ blood loss and/or decreased production of RBC Dietary ➔ Iron Deficiency, malabsorption of iron, or increased demands
37
what are the findings with blood analysis in an individual with microcytic anemia
Decreased ferritin ➔ storage form of iron Decreased serum iron Decreased iron in bone marrow biopsy
38
what is the morphology of red blood cells with microcytic anemia
Pale appearance of RBC due to reduction and quality of hemoglobin ➔ size and distribution
39
what are some examples of chronic disease anemia?
neoplasms, autoimmune conditions or chronic infections
40
what does deficiency in iron look like in chronic disease?
Typically iron storage levels are elevated ➔ unable to transfer iron storage form to hemoglobin due to elevated levels of immune system mediators (interlueukin-1, tumor necrosis factor)
41
what is macrocytic anemia?
usually large red blood cells with low hemoglobin levels MCV>95fL
42
what is the mechanism of hemolytic anemia
Congenital or Internal Factors ➔ enzyme deficiencies, defects of RBC cytoskeleton Acquired or External Factors ➔ Antibody-induced
43
what does hemolysis mean
red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made
44
all hemolytic anemias will have
1. increased RBC destruction 2. increased erythropoiesis 3. increased iron deposition in tissues mainly noticed in the spleen and liver
45
A patient has RBC: 3.7X106/UL hB: 8.0G/DL mcv: 62 Fl MCH: 19 pg
microcytic hypochomic anemia
46
what is seen as a cause of hereditary destruction of RBCs
1. defects in the cytoskeleton- spherocytosis is most common 2. structurally abnormal hemoglobins - sickle cell anemia 3. enzyme defines - glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase
47
what is the genetic percentage of hereditary spherocytosis
75% are autosomal dominant
48
what are the clinical manifestations of hereditary spherocytosis
mild anemia jaundice- due to hemolysis gallstones
49
why does hemoglobin become sticky?
valine is hydrophilic and can cause the hemoglobin to become sticky
50
what is the mutation in sickle cell anemia
Mutation➔ Valine is exchanged for glutamic acid in the globulin chain within hemoglobin ➔ point mutation leaves abnormal valine
51
what may cause abnormal hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin ➔ valine has replaced glutamic acid causing the hemoglobin to become less soluble ➔ results in crystal formation that distort the red blood cells into a sickle shape
52
Hereditary enzyme deficiencies: g6pd deficiency has what inheritance pattern?
x-linked recessive
53
what is the mutation in Hereditary enzyme deficiencies: g6pd deficiency
RBC unable to regenerate glutathione due to reduced G6PD which is needed in NADP/NADPH cycle
54
how can exercise help acute anemia
temporary result of an injury or disease process or may need ongoing treatments to maintain an adequate supply of oxygen in the blood stream
55
how can exercise help chronic anemia
long term maintenance
56
what are some signs a patient may experience when exercising with anemia
Clients with anemia may experience fatigue, dyspnea, and weakness, which will limit their daily activities.
57
Under normal conditions, hematocrit composes approximately what percentage of whole blood?
45%
58
talk about more of the changes that occur to not exercising when a patient has anemia?
limited mobility secondary reconditioning on cardiovascular and nueromusculosketal systems
59
anemia is defined by hemoglobin levels of
<12 g/100 dL for females <14 g/100 dL for males be causes at 9 and the threshold for getting out of the bed is 7.
60
complete blood counts should be
Men 4.5 – 5.9 million cells/mcL Women 4.1 – 5.1 million cells/mcL
61
counts of red blood cells indices?
MCV should be 80 to 95 femtoliters MCH should be 27 to 32 picograms per cell
62
what vitamin can stimulate RBC production
Vitimin b12
63
recommended baseline testing for patients with anemia is?
submax testing
64
what is the FITT principle for exercise dosing a patient with anemia
Frequency: Daily as tolerated Intensity: Low levels Time: Short durations, 10–20-minute bouts with rest periods Type: Walking, cycling, arm ergometer, and aquatic activities

clin med (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions