Functional anatomy of the cerebrum Flashcards
neuroscience exam 3
what is the function of the frontal lobe
motor control
speech
emotions
cognition
executive functions
what is the function of the partial lobe
detecting and interpreting sensations from the body
what is the function of the temporal lobe?
hearing
smell
emotions
memory
what are the functions of the occipital lobe?
detecting and interpreting visual information
what are the boundaries of the frontal lobe?
-central sulcus of Rolando
- lateral/sylvain fissure
the frontal lobe functions in order by:
abstract reasoning
working memory
perspective taking
planning
insight
organization
sequencing
temporal order
what re the sulci and gyro of the frontal lobe
superior frontal gyrus
superior frontal sulcus
middle frontal gyrus
inferior frontal sulcus
inferior frontal gyrus
precentral gyrus
where is the primary motor cortex located
precentral gyrus
what occurs in the precentral gyrus?
pryamindial neurons arise from layer 5 of the cerebral cortex
the somatotropin map occurs where?
motor homunculus
what is the functions of the primary motor cortex
exception of motor plans and voluntary movements.
contains upper motor neurons that control the contralateral body movements
where is the supplementary motor cortex located?
-anterior to the primary motor cortex
-superior and medial frontal lobe
- posterior region of the superior frontal gyrus
what is the function of the supplementary motor cortex?
programming sequences of movements and coordinating bilateral movements.
where is the premotor cortex located?
anterior to the primary motor cortex
lateral aspect of the frontal lobe
* posterior portion of the middle and inferior frontal gyrus
what is the function of the premotor cortex?
planning more complex task related processes
where are the frontal eye fields located?
anterior to the premotor cortex on the lateral surface of the frontal lobes
*posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus
what are the functions of the frontal eye fields?
control contralateral eye movements
- project to the contralateral paramedic potion reticular formation.
- help to fix in front of the face and control conjugate eye movements
where is the brocas area located?
anterior to the primary motor cortes and premotor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere.
in the posterior part of the left inferior frontal gyrus
what is the function of the brocas area
speech production (motor speech areas)
what is the right hemispheres “brocas” area called?
par triangularis (controlling of emotional expressions of speech ie. tone, inflection, and cadence)
where is the prefrontal cortex located?
large portions of the lateral and medial aspects of the frontal lobe.
what are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?
higher order processes that integrate sensory motor and limbic systems.
where is the medial orbit frontal cortex?
inferior and medial aspects of the frontal lobe
what are the functions of the medial orbitofrontal cortex?
a. planning
b. decision making
c. reward learning
d. behavior
e.emotional reaction
f. subjective feeling state
g. personality
what are the consequences if you have a session to your medial orbitofrontal cortex?
disinhibited and socially inappropriate behaviors, impulsivity, stimulus bound behaviors.
people with frontal lobe disfunction may show signs of?
perseveration
motor impresistence/ distractibility
inability to suppress inappropriate behaviors
frontal release signs
abulia
changes in personality or judgement
reduced logic and abstraction
what are the partial lobe sulci and gyri
superior partial lobule
intraparietal sulcus
inferior parietal lobule
supra marginal gyrus (Smg)
Angular gyrus (ag)
postcentral gyrus
what are parietal lobe gyrus and sulci?
Superior parietal lobule
Intraparietal sulcus
Inferior parietal lobule
Supramarginal gyrus (Smg)
Angular gyrus (Ag)
Postcentral gyrus
where is the primary somatosensory cortex located
post central gyrus
what does the post central gyrus receive
Receives thalamocortical inputs to layer IV of the cerebral cortex
the somatic map for the primary somatosensory cortex is in the ?
somatosensory homunculus
What are the functions of the primary somatosensory cortex?
detects somatosensory information
receives the information from the contralateral side of the body
where is the parietal association cortex
superior partial lobule
what are the functions of the parietal association cortex
interprets sensations
Integrates and analyzes sensory and motor input
Detects emotions in faces
Involved in solving mathematical operations
where is the precuneus located?
medial aspect if the parietal lobe immediately anterior to the cuneus in the occipital lobe
what are the functions of the precuneus?
involved in memory recollection and retrieval perception of the environment, visual spatial imagery, and emotional responses to pain
what are the sulci and gyro of the temporal lobe
Superior temporal gyrus
superior temporal sulcus
middle temporal gyrus
inferior temporal sulcus
inferior temporal gyrus
where is the wernkies area located?
posterior aspect of the left superior temporal gyrus
what is the function of the wernickies area?
speech and language comprehension (sensory speech area)
what does the associated right hemisphere area do in comparison to the wernickes area?
involved in recognizing affected elements of speech
what is a brocas aphasia caused by?
caused by sessions effecting the brocas areas
example infarct of the middle cerebral artery
what are the signs and symptoms of Broca aphasia?
results in decreased fluency with short phrase length and grammatical errors.
what causes a wernickes aphasia?
session to the wernickes area
example infarct to the middle cerebral artery
what are the signs and symptoms of wernickes aphasia?
impairments in comprehension of speech including difficulty answering questions or following commands (apraxia) and nonsensical speech.
where in the temporal lobe is the primary auditory cortex located?
superior transverse temporal gyrus (heschls)
what sis the function of the primary auditory cortex?
auditory perception and processing
where is the fusiform gyrus located
medial to the interior temporal gyrus
what is the function of the fusiform gyrus?
visual association
object face place recognition
The right fusiform gyrus is involved in?
face recognition
where is the parahippocamapal gyrus located?
inferior and medial aspect of the temporal lobe
external demarcation of the hippocampal formation
what is the functions of the parahippocampal gyrus?
memory formation and olfaction
what cortex is involved in the memory portion of the parahippocampal gyrus
entorhinal cortex
what cortex is involved in the smell portion of the parahippocampal gyrus
primary olfactory cortex
where is the uncus located?
inferior and medial aspect of the temporal lobe, medial to the parahippocampal gyrus
External demarcation of the amygdala
what are the functions of the uncus
memory formation and processing, regulating emotions, and olfaction
where is the cuneus located
superior to calcarine sulcus
what does the calcimine sulcus do ?
divides the occipital lone into the cuneus and lingual gyrus
what is the function of the cuneus gyrus
receives visual information from the lower contralateral visual field
where is the lingual gyrus located?
inferior to calcarine sulcus
what is the function of the lingual gyrus?
receives visual information from the upper contralateral visual field
where is the primary visual cortex located?
posterior portion of the occipital lobe
what is the function of the primary visual cortex?
perception of visual information
where is the cingulate gyrus located?
surrounds the corpus callosum
what are the functions of the cingulate gyrus
-directs attention and behavior in response to pain and emotions (salience network)
-Reward-based decision making
-Communicates with the insula to process internal and external states of the body
-Generates prediction about expected state of body and compares that with actual sensations of the body
where is the cingulate sulcus
superior to the cingulate gyrus and separates it from the frontal and parietal lobes
where is the insula located?
deep to the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
separate at the lateral fissure
what are the functions of the insula?
body self-awareness and conscious experience of bodily sensation
Receives visceral sensory input (homeostatic/ physiological state of the body)
Generates internal representation of visceral sensation (interoception)
Integrates visceral sensation with emotional state (via amygdala and basal forebrain input) and cognitive processes (via frontal cortex input)
