Reproductive Lecture 4 ๐ณ๐ Flashcards
Orchidectomy IS
removal of a testis
In humans the testes move to the
scrotum from
the pelvis during pregnancy.
What is cryptorchidism
If they do not descend
Cryptorchid individuals are infertile.
Sperm are produced in
the seminiferous tubules
then move
Sperm are produced in
the seminiferous tubules
then move
Into the rete testis then
Into the epididymis
Into the vas deferens
in the epididymis spermโฆ
Sperm acquire the ability to be motile and to fertilize
How long dose it take sperm to learn how to swim ?
10-14 days
How dose the epididymis makes sperm more concentrated
The epididymis also reabsorbs liquid from around
the sperm making it more concentrated.
How long is the vas deferens
45 cm long
The vas deferens Run from โฆ..
the epididymis
up and around the bladder
then back down to join the
ejaculatory duct.
The seminal vesicles
empty into
the ejaculatory duct which joins the urethra at the prostate.
How long is the urethra and where dose it run
The urethra is about 20 cm long and runs from the bladder through the prostate to the end of the penis.
Accessory glands โ seminal vesicles Secretory glands (not storage areas) that secrete a mucoid (sticky) substance containing
Alkaline
Fructose โ energy source for sperm
prostaglandins
clotting proteins.
The contents of the seminal vesicles are emptied into the
ejaculatory duct directly after the sperm is ejected from the vas deferens and washes sperm down the ejaculatory duct
The prostaglandins may induceโฆ
contractions in the female reproductive
tract.
The prostate
A doughnut shaped organ about the size of a golf ball
The urethra passes through the prostate which
secretes prostatic fluid into the urethra
ahead of sperm during ejaculation.
The prostate
โข The prostate secretes
Slightly Acidic (pH6.5) โ contains citrate (for ATP) โ a milky colour โ phosphate and calcium, โ Prostate specific antigen (PSA) and other enzymes โข breaks down post ejaculation coagulum.
The acidity of prostatic fluid is neutralised inโฆ.
semen by seminal vesicle fluid.
Semen consists of
- sperm=10%
- seminal vesicle fluid =60%
- prostatic fluid=30%
- other secretions = small amounts
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Excess growth of the prostate
โ occludes the urethra
โข Causes difficulty in voiding the bladder
โข Eventually causes weakening of the bladder โข Can cause urinary infections and kidney
problems.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
<40?
Rere
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
In 50-59
17 %
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
In 60- 69
- 27%
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
In 70-79
35%
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Over 85=
90%
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Treatments include:
Selective 5 ฮฑ-reductase inhibitor(s) โ Finasteride โ dutasteride Stop the prostate enlarging or shrink it. โข Surgery
Prostate cancer
a disease of older men 29% of all cancer cases (in men) are prostate
Prostate Cancer
โข Complicated by autopsy cancer
30% of men > 50 yrs old have prostate cancer at autopsy
โ But only 9.5% have been diagnosed with prostate
cancer.
What % of men have prostate cancer and dont know about it
66%
The penis
โข Three major structures
1) corpora cavernosa (x2)
2) corpus spongiosum
3) penile urethra
corpora cavernosa
The main erectile tissues.
corpus spongiosum
surrounds the penile urethra and prevents
occlusion during erection.
penile urethra
conducts semen (and urine)
Release of NO and Prostaglandin E1 causes
the smooth
muscle of the corpora cavernosa to relax.
Blood fills the cavernous spaces of the
corpora cavernosa
Viagra โ sildenafil
Relaxation of the smooth muscle in the corpora cavernosa
requires Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)
โ (2nd messenger reduces intracellular calcium)
The enzyme phosphodiesterase breaks down
GMP Guanosine Monophosphate
Viagra inhibits
phosphodiesterase (type 5) leading to
increased GMP, relaxation of the arteries suppling the corpora cavernosa and erection.
