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MedSci 👩🏻‍⚕️ > Endocrine System 🎯 > Flashcards

Endocrine System 🎯 Flashcards

1
Q

With respect to size and myelination of cell axons, the velocity of nerve impulse conduction is greatest in

A

large-diameter heavily myelinated fibers

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2
Q

Clinical application: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that causes the progressive destruction of myelin sheaths / demyelination of nerves in the CNS and PNS. Choose the correct grouping of symptoms commonly seen in patients with MS from the choices below.

A

Numbness/weakness, electric-shock sensations, tremor, vision loss

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3
Q

Nerves

A

coordinate our actions and bodily functions

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4
Q

The Alarm Response =10

A

Heart: Increase rate and contraction force
• Eyes: Dilate pupils
• Mouth: Decrease saliva
• Lungs: Dilate bronchi and breathe faster • Skin:
• Constrict peripheral blood vessels
• Contract arrector pili muscles
• Increase sweat secretion
• Gut: Decrease digestion
• Increase blood sugar
• Increase blood pressure and water retention

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5
Q

The Relaxation Response =6

A
  • Heart: Decrease rate and contraction force
  • Eyes: Contract pupils
  • Mouth: Increase saliva
  • Lungs: Constricti bronchi, breathe more slowly
  • Skin: Dilate peripheral blood vessels
  • Gut: Increase digestion
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6
Q

Sympathetic Division Associated with:

A

• Exercise • Emotion • Excitement (Alarm response)

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7
Q

Parasympathetic Division Associated with:

A

• Repletion • Rest • Relaxation (Relaxation response)

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8
Q

Control of involuntary

A

Hypothalamus, Brain stem, Spinal cord

Lambic system

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9
Q

Voluntary: Control of

A

Cerebral cortex

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10
Q

Effectors for involuntary movement

A

Smooth muscle,

Cardiac muscle, Glands

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11
Q

Somatic

Motor neuron pathway:

Neurotransmitters…

A

. One neuron pathway

. Acetylcholine

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12
Q

Autonomic
Motor neurone pathway
Neurotransmitters

A

.2 neurons pre and post ganglioc

Acetylcholine: Preganglionic axons Postganglionic axons: Parasympathetic Sympathetic to sweat glands Norepinephrine: Postganglionic axons Sympathetic to other than sweat glands

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13
Q

Raynaud Disease

White fingers

A 
Excessive
sympathetic
stimulation following emotional
stress or exposure to cold
• Chronic vasoconstriction
• Fingers and toes become ischemic (lack of blood) and appear white
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14
Q

Hypothalamus
Controls internal
organs via: = 2
Regulates =4

A
  • Autonomic nervous system
  • Pituitary gland
  • Behaviour patterns
  • Circadian rhythm (sleep /wake cycles)
  • Body temperature
  • Eating and drinking
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15
Q

Paracrine Hormones

A

Targets nearby cells

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16
Q

Autocrine Hormones

A

Targets its self

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17
Q

Endocrine Hormones

A

Travels though blood and or body tissue to distant target cells

18
Q

Lipid-Soluble Hormones

4 steps ?

A

1: Lipid-soluble hormone diffuses into cell
2: Activated receptor- hormone complex alters gene expression
3: Newly-formed mRNA directs synthesis of specific proteins on ribosomes
4: New protein alters cell’s activity

19
Q

Water-Soluble Hormones

6 steps

A

1: Binding to receptor activates G protein which activates adenyl cyclase
2: Activated adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
3: cAMP serves as second messenger to
activate protein kinases
4: Activated protein kinases phosphorylate other enzymes
5: Phosphorylated enzymes catalyse reactions that produce physiological responses
6: Phosphodiesterase inactivates cAMP

20
Q

Inducibility

A

capable of being induced:
such as. a : formed by a cell in response to the presence of its substrate inducible enzymes. b : activated or undergoing expression only in the presence of a particular molecule an inducible promoter.

21
Q

Effects of Cholera

A

Locks G protein in activated state
• Pumps chloride ions into intestines
• Water follows out
• High cAMP

= chronic diarrhoea

22
Q

What are the really colourful parts on top of the hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamic nuclei

23
Q

What connected the pituitary to the hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

24
Q

hypophyseal pituitary

portal veins

A

Portal system between the two

capillaries - portal vein - capillaries

25
Q

Pituitary

A 
7 hormones
(controlling endocrine organs)
26
Q

Hypothalamus

A

9 hormones

releasing and inhibiting hormones to control pituitary

27
Q

Hypothalamic

neurosecretory cell

A

Releasing and inhibitory hormones released from axon

termini

28
Q

Step 2 of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis

A

Hormones travel through portal vein to secondary plexus then into pituitary target cells

29
Q

Three layers of the Adrenal Gland

A

Capsule
Cortex
Medulla

30
Q

The Adrenal Medulla is stimulated by

A

Acetylcholine from preganglionic neurons

31
Q

Adrenal Medulla Hormones released:

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine

32
Q

Adrenal Medulla Principal actions:

A

Enhance sympathetic autonomic

alarm response

33
Q

The Stress Response First stage

Alarm (Fight-or-flight) response:

A
  • Immediate burst
  • Sympathetic autonomic activation
  • Sustained through action of adrenal medulla
34
Q

Adrenal Cortex

Hormones A:

A

Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)

35
Q

The Adrenal Cortex Stimulated by:

Hormone A

A

Increased K+ and angiotensin II in blood

36
Q

The Adrenal Cortex Principal actions:

Hormone A

A

• Increase Na+ and water and decrease K+ in blood

=> Increase blood volume and pressure

37
Q

The Adrenal Cortex Hormones B:

A

Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol)

38
Q

Adrenal Cortex
Hormones B:

Stimulated by:

A

ACTH from pituitary (CRH from hypothalamus)

39
Q

The Adrenal Cortex Hormones B:

Principal actions:

A

• Resistance reaction to stress • Control (dampen) inflammation • Alter immune responses

40
Q

Resistance reaction:

A

• Slower, longer lasting • Associated with hypothalamus,

pituitary and adrenal cortex

41
Q

Eustress (acute):

A

• Prepares us to meet certain challenges • Helpful, beneficial

42
Q

Distress (chronic):

A

• Associated with

undesirable events • Potentially harmful

MedSci 👩🏻‍⚕️ (15 decks)

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