reproductive function 2 Flashcards
congenital disorders (male)
epispadia/hypospadia
cryptochidism
disorders of the testes and scrotum (male)
hydrocele, spermatocele, varicocele, torsion
cancers (male)
penile, prostate, testicular
sexually transmitted infections
chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, trichomoniasis
spermatogenesis & male genital anatomy
generates and transports sperm
produces sex hormones
aids in urination
includes penis, scrotum, testes, duct system, & accessory glands
hypospadia (congenital penile variations)
-urethral meatus located on the ventral surface of the penis
-risk increases w maternal factors: age>35 yrs, obesity, use of fertility treatments, and hormone therapy
-most common penile variation
epispadia (congenital penile variations)
-urethral meatus occurs on the dorsal surface of the penis and may extend the entire length of the penis
-can cause urination problems
-increased risk of urinary tract infections
-usually develops during the 1st month of gestation; urinary defects often also present
cryptochidism (congenital penile variations)
-undescended testicle
-one or both testes do not descend from abdomen to scrotum;
-undescended testes usually remain along the path of descent
hydrocele (disorders of the testes) causes & diagnosis
-fluid accumulation btwn the layers of the tunica vaginalis or along the spermatic cord
-can affect one or both testes
-causes: congenital defect, inflammation, infection, trauma, and tumors
-diagnosis: painless scrotal enlargement that transilluminates and scrotal heaviness
varicocele (disorders of the testes)
-dilated vein in the spermatic cord
-results from valve issues that allow blood to pool in the veins
-most common cause for low sperm counts & decreased sperm quality bc of testicular ischemia
-more common in left testicle bc of anatomic factors
varicocele (disorders of the testes) causes & manifestations
-causes: congenital defects and obstructions
-manifestations: “bag of worms” feeling to the scrotum and scrotal heaviness
describe testicular torsion (disorders of the testes)
-abnorm rotation of the testes on the spermatic cord
-causes: trauma, but can also occur spontaneously
-manifestations: sudden scrotal edema & pain
-diagnosis: history, physical exam, & scrotal ultrasound
-treatment: manual manipulation & surgery
describe penile cancer
-rare malignancy
-the exact cause unknown
-risk factors: smegma, being uncircumcised, poor hygiene, phimosis, & HPV infections
-appears as a thick, grey-white lesion (Bowen lesion) or a red, shiny lesion (erythroplasia of Queyrat)
-risk factors: being uncircumcised, poor hygiene, phimosis, & HPV infections
-prognosis is good w early diagnosis & early diagnosis & treatment
-treatment: penectomy, chemotherapy, radiation, & surgical excision
describe testicular cancer
-uncommon but curable (even if metastatic) cancer most common in 15-35 year olds
-affecting one or both testicles
-risk factors: family history, infection, trauma, & cryptochidism
-manifestations: asymptomatic; a hard, painless, palpable mass that does not transilluminate; testicular discomfort or pain; enlargement of the testicle
-diagnosis: monthly self-testicular examinations
-treatment: orchiectomy, chemotherapy, & radiation
prostate cancer
-most common cancer in men
-slow-growing tumor w an unknown cause; as it grows, it obstructs urethra
-second leading cause of cancer deaths
-risk factors: history of STIs, fam history, high-fat diets, & androgen hormone replacement
-manifestations: urinary difficulties, erectile dysfunctions, blood semen, & hematuria
-diagnosis: biopsy, the prostate-specific antigen test, & prostatic acid phosphatase test
-treatment: radical prostatectomy, radiation, orchiectomy, & antitestosterone drugs
-for cancers diagnosed in early stage, active surveillance is appropriate
sexually transmitted infections
-infections that can be contracted through sexual contact
-more than 30 diff sexually transmissible bacteria, viruses, & parasites have been identified
-some can also be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy & childbirth as well as through blood contact
-some of these are easily eradicated w appropriate treatment, whereas others remain for a lifetime
-3 are reportable to the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention – chlamydia, gonorrhea, & syphilis
chlamydia
-chlamydia trachomatis: intracellular parasite that req a host cell to reproduce
-the most commonly reported STI in the US
chlamydia complications & manifestations
complications: PID, epididymitis, prostatitis, infertility, & ectopic pregnancy, increases the risk for contracting other STIs
manifestations: if present, include dysuria; penile, vaginal, or rectal discharge; testicular tenderness or pain; rectal pain; & painful sexual intercourse
gonorrhea
caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, an aerobic bacterium w many drug-resistant strains
-2nd most common STI
gonorrhea complications & manifestations
complications: PID, epididymitis, prostatitis, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, arthritis, dermatitis, & endocarditis
manifestations: if present, include dysuria; penile, vaginal, or rectal discharge; redness/edema at urinary meatus (in men); testicular tenderness; rectal pain; painful intercourse; white blisters that darken & disappear
syphilis
-ulcerative infection caused by Treponema pallidum, a spirochete that req a warm, moist environment to survive
-transmitted from skin or mucous membrane & from the mother to child through the placental barrier
-in utero, fetuses, are protected by Langhans layer for the first 4 months, so screening & treating the mother prior can decrease likelihood of fetus contracting the infection
-untreated may lead to fetal demise or defect affecting the bone, liver, lungs, & nerves
Stage One: Primary Syphilis
-1+ painless chancres form at site 2-3 weeks after infection
-no other symptoms are present
-often go unnoticed & disappear abt 4-6 weeks later, even w out treatment
-bacteria become dormant
-contagious, but may not test pos, so testing should be repeated at a later date
Stage 2: Secondary syphilis
-occurs abt 2-8 weeks after the 1st chancres form
-treatment in the primary stage can decrease the likelihood of developing this stage
-manifestations: generalized, brown-red rash; malaise; fever
-symptoms will go away without treatment, and again, the bacteria become dominant
-will test pos (if untreated) and is contagious, especially w direct contact w the rash
Stage 3: Latent or tertiary syphilis
-begins when the secondary symptoms disappear and lasts 1-4 yrs
-can last for years; infection spreads to the brain, nervous system, heart, skin, and bones
-complications: blindness, paralysis, dementia, cardiovascular disease, and death
-will test pos (if untreated) & is only contagious during the early part of this stage
