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patho exam III > endocrine function > Flashcards

endocrine function Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

-complex messaging & control system
-uses hormones secreted by glands located throughout the body
-hormones are classified/described in regards to action, source, or chem structure
-hormones exert action by interacting w target cells on glands & tissues

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2
Q

What are the 4 categories of hormones based on chem composition?

A

-steroids
-protein or polypeptides
-amines & amino acids
-fatty acid derivatives

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3
Q

the endocrine system uses a _______ & ________ feedback system to regulate hormone release.

A

negative, positive

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4
Q

pituitary gland

A

(master gland)
-roughly the size of a pea, located at the base of the brain
-divided into 2 parts: the anterior & posterior pituitary gland

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5
Q

what several glands does the pituitary gland secrete

A

-TSH
-growth hormone
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone
-prolactin
-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
-antidiuretic hormone
-oxytocin

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6
Q

hypopituitarism

A

rare, complex condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce sufficient amts of some or all of its hormones (panhypopituitarism)
-progressive disorder that can occur suddenly but usually develops slowly

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7
Q

causes of hypopituitarism

A

congenital defects, cerebral/pituitary trauma, autoimmune conditions, tuberculosis, pituitary tumors, hemochromatosis, hypothalamic dysfuction

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8
Q

what does hypopituitarism cause

A

-dwarfism: short stature caused by deficient levels of growth hormone, somatotropin, or somatotropin-releasing hormone
-diabetes insipidus: excessive fluid excretion in the kidneys caused by deficient antidiuretic hormone levels

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9
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

-the pituitary gland secretes excessive amts of one or all of the pituitary hormones, most commonly caused by tumors secreting hormone or hormone-like substances
-progressive; can occur suddenly but usually develops slowly

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10
Q

hyperpituitarism can cause

A

-gigantism: tall stature caused by excessive growth hormone prior to puberty
-acromegaly: increased bone size caused by excessive growth hormone in adulthood
-Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone: increased renal water retention caused by excessive antidiuretic hormone
-hyperprolactinemia: excessive prolactin that results in menstrual dysfunction
-Cushing’s syndrome: excessive cortisol that results from the increased ACTH levels
-Hyperthyroidism: hypermetabolic state caused by excessive thyroid hormones from increased TSH

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11
Q

pancreas

A

-organ w exocrine & endocrine functions
-lies underneath the stomach btwn the 2 kidneys in the retroperitoneum

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12
Q

endocrine functions are carried out by approx 1 million islets of __________

A

Langerhans

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13
Q

describe the 5 types of Langerhans cell types

A

-alpha cells: secrete glucagon when serum glucose levels fall
-beta cells: secrete insulin when serum glucose levels increase & amylin to enhance insulin
-delta cells: screte somatostatin, which regulates insulin & glucagon
-pp cells: secrete a pancreatic polypeptide, which regulates some of the other pancreatic acts
-epsilon cells: secrete ghrelin, which stimulates hunger

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14
Q

-diabetes mellitus (DM)

A

-a group of conditions characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both
-impaired insulin production or action results in abnorm carbohydrate, protein, & fat metabolism

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15
Q

DM manifestations

A

hyperglycemia, glucosuria, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, blurred vision, & fatigue

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16
Q

DM complications

A

-hyperglycemia: blood glucose above 125 mg/dL while fasting; glucose toxicity affects blood vessels in all your organs, leads to cardiovascular damage
-diabetic ketoacidosis DKA: w out enough insulin, the body begins to break down fat as fuel. this causes a buildup of acids in the bloodstream called ketones
can lead to organ failure & cerebral edema
-heart disease, stroke, hypertension diabetic retinopathy, blindness, kidney disease, neuropathy, amputation, delayed healing, pregnancy complications

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17
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

-insufficient insulin produc
-immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells
-must take insulin - injections
-usually strikes children & young adults, although disease onset can occur at any age
-exact cause unknown, but most likely a viral or environmental trigger in genetically susceptible ppl that causes an autoimmune reaction
-cannot be prevented

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18
Q

prediabetes

A

-blood glucose levels are higher than norm
-cells become insulin-resistant, adipose cells also secrete immune/inflammatory substances that impair insulin sensitivity & glucose metabolism
-glucose levels in the blood increase as a result of insulin resistance
-causes pancreas to increase insulin produc to compensate
-hyperglycemia may destroy/desensitize beta cells (glucose toxicity)
-lifestyle changes can prevent or delay type 2 DM
-diet high in fruits, veggies, lean meats, & whole grains
-increased physical act

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19
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

-the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin
-risk factors: advancing age, obesity, fam history of DM, physical inact
-usually managed initially w oral antidiabetic meds that increase insulin produc & action
-as the condition progresses, supplemental insulin is often necessary as pancreatic produc declines

20
Q

gestational diabetes

A

-a form of glucose intolerance diagnosed during pregnancy
-treatment usually includes lifestyle changes & insulin
-women who have had gestational diabetes have a 40-60% chance of developing diabetes w in 5-10 yrs
-abt 5-10% of women will be diagnosed w diabetes, usually type 2, immediately following pregnancy

21
Q

pregnancy complications of gestational diabetes

A

-increased fetal weight/size, premature birth, baby has a higher chance of developing type 2 diabetes later in life

22
Q

thyroid gland

A

-located at the base of the neck below the larynx; two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, connected by a thin band of tissue

23
Q

thyroid gland is a vascular gland, containing several functional units (follicles) that produce what 3 hormones?

A

thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), & calcitonin

24
Q

T3/T4 (95% of thyroid hormones) regulate cellular metabolism & growth/development

A

hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates T3 & T4
-iodine is req to synthesize thyroid hormones

25
Q

calcitonin

A

regulates serum calcium levels, inhibiting osteoclast act (decreases calcium release from the bone) & stimulating osteoblast act (increases calcium deposits in the bone)

26
Q

goiters & thyroid nodules

A

-visible enlargement of the thyroid gland
-usually painless but may affect the respiratory & gastrointestinal systems
-dyspnea & dysphagia
-not usually malignant
-can occur in hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, & norm thyroid states
-iodine deficiency is the most common cause worldwide
-not common in US

27
Q

hypothyroidism

A

-a condition in which the thyroid does not produce sufficient amts of the thyroid hormones
-relatively common (1 out of 500 Americans has the condition)
-may be a result of hypothalamus, pituitary, or thyroid dysfunction

28
Q

most common cause is autoimmune

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroditis

29
Q

hypothyroidism manifestations

A

-fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, pale & dry skin, unexplained weight gain
-myalgia, arthralgia, muscle weakness
-heavier than norm menstrual periods, brittle fingernails, hair loss
-bradycardia, hypotension, constipation, depression, & goiter

30
Q

hypothyroidism treatment

A

thyroid hormone replacement

31
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

-a condition of excessive levels of thyroid hormones, resulting in a hyper metabolic state

32
Q

hyperthyroidism causes

A

excessive iodine, Graves’ disease, nonmalignant thyroid tumors, thyroid inflammation

33
Q

hyperthyroidism manifestations

A

sudden weight loss, increased appetite, nervousness/irritability, tremor, exophthalmos
-diaphoresis, changes in menstrual patterns, increased sensitivity to heat, diarrhea, goiter
-tachycardia, hypertension

34
Q

hyperthyroidism treatment

A

radioactive iodine, antithyroid agents, beta blockers, surgery

35
Q

adrenal glands

A

-located superior to each kidney
-medulla: inner portion that produces epinephrine & norepinephrine
-cortex: outer portion that produces steroids
-mineralocorticoids: primarily cortisol, which increases serum glucose levels
-Gonadocorticoids or sex hormones: male & female hormones are secreted in minimal amts in both sexes, but hormones from the testes & ovaries usually mask

36
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

rare tumor of the adrenal medulla that excretes epinephrine & nonrepinephrine; can be life-threatening

37
Q

pheochromocytoma manifestations

A

hypertension, tachycardia, forceful heartbeat, profound diaphoresis, abdominal pain, sudden onset of severe headaches, anxiety, feeling of extreme fright, pallor, & weight loss

38
Q

pheochromocytoma complications

A

hypertensive crisis, stroke, renal failure, psychosis, & seizures

39
Q

pheochromocytoma cause

A

is unknown
-can be associated w complex endocrine syndromes or other malignant disorders (renal cell carcinoma)

40
Q

cushing syndrome

A

-condition of excessive amts of glucocorticoids (steroids)

41
Q

cushing syndrome causes

A

iatrogenic from ingestion of glucocorticoid meds, adrenal tumors that secrete glucocorticoids, pituitary tumors that secrete ACTH & cortisol, & paraneoplastic syndrome

42
Q

cushing syndrome manifestations

A

obesity (especially around the trunk), rounding of the face “moon face”, “buffalo hump”, muscle weakness, delayed growth & development
-acne, purple striae, thin skin that bruises easily, delayed wound healing, osteoporosis, hirsutism, insulin resistance, hypertension, emotional/psychiatric changes

43
Q

addison’s disease

A

-adrenal insufficiency
-deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, & androgens)

44
Q

addison’s disease causes

A

autoimmune conditions, infections, & pituitary dysfunction that results in insufficient ACTH levels

45
Q

addison’s disease manifestations

A

hypotension, changes in heart rate, hypoglycemia, chronic diarrhea, hyperpigmentation, extreme weakness, fatigue, mouth lesions on the inside of a cheek, nausea, vomiting, salt craving, weight loss, mood changes

patho exam III (6 decks)

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