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patho exam III > reproductive function 1 > Flashcards

reproductive function 1 Flashcards

1
Q

menstrual disorders

A

abnormal bleeding
amenorrhea
dysmenorrhea
premenstrual syndrome
PMDD
prolapses: pelvic organ, vaginal wall
uterine

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2
Q

disorders of the uterus

A

endometriosis
fibroids

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3
Q

disorders of the ovaries

A

ovarian cysts

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4
Q

disorders of the breasts

A

benign breast masses
mastitis

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5
Q

infectious disorders

A

candidiasis (yeast infection)
pelvic inflammatory disease

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6
Q

cancers

A

breast
cervical
endometrial
ovarian

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7
Q

ovarian system

A

ovaries
uterus: uterine tube, body, cervix, endometrium/myometrium
vagina
labia/clitoris
mammary glands

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8
Q

…. cause the follicles to mature during the reproductive years

A

pituitary hormones

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9
Q

menstrual cycle is how long…

A

~28 day cycle

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10
Q

menstrual phase

A

shedding of the endometrium, triggered by drop in progesterone caused by degradation of the corpus luteum

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11
Q

proliferative phase

A

endometrial wall rebuilds, follicles mature, estrogen builds as follicles develop in the ovaries

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12
Q

ovulation phase

A

triggered by LH & FSH peak from pituitary gland

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13
Q

secretory phase

A

high progesterone levels from corpus luteum

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14
Q

abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)

A

widely experienced, especially at menarche and perimenopause
acute or chronic
abnormal frequency, regularity, duration and/or volume for most of past 6 months

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15
Q

heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB)

A

increased daily/monthly volume

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16
Q

intermenstrual bleeding (IMB)

A

bleeding btwn regular menses
causes: PALM-COEIN

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17
Q

structural PALM-COEIN

A

polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy, and hyperplasia

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18
Q

nonstructural PALM-COEIN

A

coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial disorder, latrogenic, not otherwise classified

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19
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation
may be primary, secondary, or normal
causes: genetic disorders, congenital defects, hypothalamic tumors
stress, sudden weight loss, extreme reduction in body fat, anemia
pregnancy, lactation, and menopause

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20
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation
cramping pain impairs usual daily acts; begins at end of ovulation and continues through menstruation
causes: unknown, reproductive conditions (e.g. endometriosis or reproductive cancers), and after childbirth

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21
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

group of physical and emotional symptoms that affect many women for reasons not fully understood

22
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS) manifestations

A

irritability, depression, fatigue, headache, abdominal bloating, join pain, breast tenderness, weight gain, and sleep disturbances that usually begin 5 to 11 days before menstruation

23
Q

premenstrual dysphoric syndrome (PMD)

A

severe form of PMS characterized by severe depression, tension, and irritability

24
Q

premenstrual dysphoric syndrome (PMD) treatments

A

hormone therapy, antidepressants, analgesics, comfort measures, and decreasing intake of caffeine, soda, processed sugars, and alcohol

25
Q

pelvic organ prolapses

A

muscles, ligaments, and fascia normally support the bladder, uterus, and rectum in female pelvis
tehse can weaken with age, childbirht, trauma, and hormonal changes during menopause
this causes organs to shift out of norm position

26
Q

manifestations of pelvic organ prolapses

A

asymptomatic, visualization of the cervix or uterus from the vaginal opening, feeling of fullness in the pelvis or vagina, difficult or painful sexual intercourse, vaginal bleeding, and difficulty w urination and defecating

27
Q

cystocele (urethrocele)

A

bladder protrudes into anterior wall of the vagina

28
Q

rectocele

A

rectum protrudes through the posterior wall of the vagina

29
Q

uterine prolapse

A

descent of the uterus or cervix into the vagina
classification system
first degree: cervix has dropped into the vagina
second degree: cervix is apparent at the vaginal opening
third degree: cervix and uterus bulge through the vaginal opening

30
Q

endometriosis

A

endometrium grows in areas outside the uterus
most commonly grows in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and peritoneum, but the tissue can grow anywhere in the body
the abnormal endometrial tissue continues to act as it normally would during menstruation
blood becomes trapped and irritates the surrounding tissue

31
Q

endometriosis complications and manifestations

A

complications: pain, cysts, scarring, adhesions, and infertility
manifestations: dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, pelvic pain, infertility, and pain during or after intercourse

32
Q

leiomyomas (fibroids)

A

-firm, rubbery growth of the myometrium, occurring as well-defined, unencapsulated masse
-can range from microscopic to weighing several pounds
-cause: unknown, but most seem to grow during the menstruation years in the presence of estrogen and shrink after menopause
-do not usually interfere w fertility, but do increase the risk of spontaneous abortion and preterm labor slightly

33
Q

leiomyomas (fibroids) manifestations

A

manifestations: asymptomatic; menorrhagia; pain in the pelvis, back, or legs; urinary frequency; urinary tract infections; constipation; abdominal distension; pain during sexual intercourse; and anemia

34
Q

ovarian cysts

A

-benign, fluid-filled sacs on the ovary, often formed in the ovulation process
-may rupture, causing abdominal/pelvic pain

35
Q

ovarian cysts complications & manifestations

A

-hemorrhaging, peritonitis, infertility, and amenorrhea
-asymptomatic, abdominal pain or discomfort, abnormal menstrual bleeding, and abdominal distension

36
Q

polycystic ovary syndrome & manifestations

A

ovary enlarges and contains numerous cysts
-exact cause is unknown, but linked to hormone and endocrine abnormalities
-manifestations: infertility (anovulation), amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, male-pattern baldness

37
Q

disorders of the breast effect what 3 things

A

lactation, breastfeeding, and self image

38
Q

fibrocystic breast changes/masses

A

-numerous benign nodules in the breast, more frequent during childbearing years
-firm, movable masses more prominent and painful during menstruation

39
Q

fibrocystic breast changes/ masses manifestations and treatment

A

manifestations: dense, irregular, bumpy breast tissue; dull, heavy breast pain or tenderness
treatment: usually not req, needle aspiration of fluid, surgical removal of cysts, analgesics, a supportive bra, heat/cold app

40
Q

mastitis

A

-breast tissue inflammation associated w infection and lactation
-usually develops w in 6 weeks of childbirth due to staphylococcal or streptococcal bacterium introduced to the nipple through breastfeeding

41
Q

mastitis complications & manifestations

A

complications: blockage of milk flow and abscesses
manifestations: breast tenderness, swelling, redness, and warmth; pain or a burning sensation and fever

42
Q

candidiasis (infection)

A

-yeast infection caused by the common fungus Candida albicans
-opportunistic infection that can arise anywhere in the body
-in the reproductive system, candidiasis most frequently occurs in the vagina and is a common cause of vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina)
-candida and many other microorganisms are part of the normal flora present in the vagina and balance each other
-imbalance often occurs in the presence of vaginal pH changes

43
Q

candidiasis manifestations & treatment

A

manifestations: thick, white vaginal discharge; vulvular erythema and edema; vaginal and labial itching and burning dysuria; and painful sexual intercourse
treatment (most cases can be managed at home: antifungal agents, practice safe sex & proper perineum care, avoidance of douching, feminine hygiene or perfumes, tight-fitting synthetic clothing, maintaining blood glucose

44
Q

pelivc inflammatory disease

A

infection of the female reproductive system; bacteria usually ascend from the vagina (can either be acute or chronic)

45
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease causes, complications, & manifestations

A

causes: STI; bacteria introduced during childbirth, endometrial procedures
complications: reproductive structure obstructions, peritonitis, abscesses, septicemia, adhesions, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancies, infertility
manifestations: indications of infection; pain or tenderness in the pelvis, lower abdomen, or lower back; abnorm vaginal and cervical discharge; bleeding after sexual intercourse; painful painful sexual intercourse; urinary frequency; dysuria; dysmenorrhea; amenorrhea

46
Q

breast cancer

A

-most common malignancy in women, 2nd leading cause of cancer death in women (can occur in men but rare)
-contributing factors: age, early onset of menstruation, fam history, genetic predis (BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes), obesity, and exogen estrogen exposure
-Most are estrogen-dependent and originate iin the duct system (early, the tumor is freely moving; tumor becomes fixed as the cancer progresses)
-metastasis can occur to nearby lymph nodes, lungs, brain, bone, and liver

47
Q

breast cancer manifestations & diagnosis

A

manifestations: asymptomatic; mass in the breast or axillary that is hard, has uneven edges, and is usually painless; change in the size, shape, or feel of the breast or nipple; and nipple drainage that may be bloody, clear to yellow, green, or purulent
diagnosis: monthly self-breast examinations, mammogram, and biopsy

48
Q

cervical cancer

A

-rates have been declining in recent years w screening advancements and vaccinations
-almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV
-can be spread to oral,head and neck region… higher risk of head and neck cancer

49
Q

cervical cancer manifestations, diagnosis, & prevention

A

manifestations: asymptomatic; continuous vaginal discharge; AUB btwn menstruation, after intercourse, or after menopause
diagnosis: pap smear
prevention: HPV vaccine

50
Q

ovarian cancer

A

9th most freq cancer in women & 5th leading cause of cancer death

51
Q

ovarian cancer risk factors & manifestations

A

risk factors: genetic predisposition (defects on the BRCA1 & BRCA2), advancing age, infertility, excessive estrogen exposure, obesity, & androgen hormone therapy
manifestations: abdominal distention, pelvic pain, eating disturbances, bowel pattern changes, gastrointestinal discomfort, pain during sexual intercourse, malaise, urinary freq, & menstruation changes

patho exam III (6 decks)

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