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patho exam III > reproductive function 1 > Flashcards

reproductive function 1 Flashcards

1
Q

menstrual disorders

A

abnormal bleeding
amenorrhea
dysmenorrhea
premenstrual syndrome
PMDD
prolapses: pelvic organ, vaginal wall
uterine

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2
Q

disorders of the uterus

A

endometriosis
fibroids

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3
Q

disorders of the ovaries

A

ovarian cysts

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4
Q

disorders of the breasts

A

benign breast masses
mastitis

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5
Q

infectious disorders

A

candidiasis (yeast infection)
pelvic inflammatory disease

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6
Q

cancers

A

breast
cervical
endometrial
ovarian

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7
Q

ovarian system

A

ovaries
uterus: uterine tube, body, cervix, endometrium/myometrium
vagina
labia/clitoris
mammary glands

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8
Q

…. cause the follicles to mature during the reproductive years

A

pituitary hormones

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9
Q

menstrual cycle is how long…

A

~28 day cycle

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10
Q

menstrual phase

A

shedding of the endometrium, triggered by drop in progesterone caused by degradation of the corpus luteum

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11
Q

proliferative phase

A

endometrial wall rebuilds, follicles mature, estrogen builds as follicles develop in the ovaries

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12
Q

ovulation phase

A

triggered by LH & FSH peak from pituitary gland

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13
Q

secretory phase

A

high progesterone levels from corpus luteum

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14
Q

abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB)

A

widely experienced, especially at menarche and perimenopause
acute or chronic
abnormal frequency, regularity, duration and/or volume for most of past 6 months

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15
Q

heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB)

A

increased daily/monthly volume

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16
Q

intermenstrual bleeding (IMB)

A

bleeding btwn regular menses
causes: PALM-COEIN

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17
Q

structural PALM-COEIN

A

polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy, and hyperplasia

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18
Q

nonstructural PALM-COEIN

A

coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial disorder, latrogenic, not otherwise classified

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19
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstruation
may be primary, secondary, or normal
causes: genetic disorders, congenital defects, hypothalamic tumors
stress, sudden weight loss, extreme reduction in body fat, anemia
pregnancy, lactation, and menopause

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20
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

painful menstruation
cramping pain impairs usual daily acts; begins at end of ovulation and continues through menstruation
causes: unknown, reproductive conditions (e.g. endometriosis or reproductive cancers), and after childbirth

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21
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

group of physical and emotional symptoms that affect many women for reasons not fully understood

22
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS) manifestations

A

irritability, depression, fatigue, headache, abdominal bloating, join pain, breast tenderness, weight gain, and sleep disturbances that usually begin 5 to 11 days before menstruation

23
Q

premenstrual dysphoric syndrome (PMD)

A

severe form of PMS characterized by severe depression, tension, and irritability

24
Q

premenstrual dysphoric syndrome (PMD) treatments

A

hormone therapy, antidepressants, analgesics, comfort measures, and decreasing intake of caffeine, soda, processed sugars, and alcohol

25
pelvic organ prolapses
muscles, ligaments, and fascia normally support the bladder, uterus, and rectum in female pelvis tehse can weaken with age, childbirht, trauma, and hormonal changes during menopause this causes organs to shift out of norm position
26
manifestations of pelvic organ prolapses
asymptomatic, visualization of the cervix or uterus from the vaginal opening, feeling of fullness in the pelvis or vagina, difficult or painful sexual intercourse, vaginal bleeding, and difficulty w urination and defecating
27
cystocele (urethrocele)
bladder protrudes into anterior wall of the vagina
28
rectocele
rectum protrudes through the posterior wall of the vagina
29
uterine prolapse
descent of the uterus or cervix into the vagina classification system first degree: cervix has dropped into the vagina second degree: cervix is apparent at the vaginal opening third degree: cervix and uterus bulge through the vaginal opening
30
endometriosis
endometrium grows in areas outside the uterus most commonly grows in the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and peritoneum, but the tissue can grow anywhere in the body the abnormal endometrial tissue continues to act as it normally would during menstruation blood becomes trapped and irritates the surrounding tissue
31
endometriosis complications and manifestations
complications: pain, cysts, scarring, adhesions, and infertility manifestations: dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, pelvic pain, infertility, and pain during or after intercourse
32
leiomyomas (fibroids)
-firm, rubbery growth of the myometrium, occurring as well-defined, unencapsulated masse -can range from microscopic to weighing several pounds -cause: unknown, but most seem to grow during the menstruation years in the presence of estrogen and shrink after menopause -do not usually interfere w fertility, but do increase the risk of spontaneous abortion and preterm labor slightly
33
leiomyomas (fibroids) manifestations
manifestations: asymptomatic; menorrhagia; pain in the pelvis, back, or legs; urinary frequency; urinary tract infections; constipation; abdominal distension; pain during sexual intercourse; and anemia
34
ovarian cysts
-benign, fluid-filled sacs on the ovary, often formed in the ovulation process -may rupture, causing abdominal/pelvic pain
35
ovarian cysts complications & manifestations
-hemorrhaging, peritonitis, infertility, and amenorrhea -asymptomatic, abdominal pain or discomfort, abnormal menstrual bleeding, and abdominal distension
36
polycystic ovary syndrome & manifestations
ovary enlarges and contains numerous cysts -exact cause is unknown, but linked to hormone and endocrine abnormalities -manifestations: infertility (anovulation), amenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, male-pattern baldness
37
disorders of the breast effect what 3 things
lactation, breastfeeding, and self image
38
fibrocystic breast changes/masses
-numerous benign nodules in the breast, more frequent during childbearing years -firm, movable masses more prominent and painful during menstruation
39
fibrocystic breast changes/ masses manifestations and treatment
manifestations: dense, irregular, bumpy breast tissue; dull, heavy breast pain or tenderness treatment: usually not req, needle aspiration of fluid, surgical removal of cysts, analgesics, a supportive bra, heat/cold app
40
mastitis
-breast tissue inflammation associated w infection and lactation -usually develops w in 6 weeks of childbirth due to staphylococcal or streptococcal bacterium introduced to the nipple through breastfeeding
41
mastitis complications & manifestations
complications: blockage of milk flow and abscesses manifestations: breast tenderness, swelling, redness, and warmth; pain or a burning sensation and fever
42
candidiasis (infection)
-yeast infection caused by the common fungus Candida albicans -opportunistic infection that can arise anywhere in the body -in the reproductive system, candidiasis most frequently occurs in the vagina and is a common cause of vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina) -candida and many other microorganisms are part of the normal flora present in the vagina and balance each other -imbalance often occurs in the presence of vaginal pH changes
43
candidiasis manifestations & treatment
manifestations: thick, white vaginal discharge; vulvular erythema and edema; vaginal and labial itching and burning dysuria; and painful sexual intercourse treatment (most cases can be managed at home: antifungal agents, practice safe sex & proper perineum care, avoidance of douching, feminine hygiene or perfumes, tight-fitting synthetic clothing, maintaining blood glucose
44
pelivc inflammatory disease
infection of the female reproductive system; bacteria usually ascend from the vagina (can either be acute or chronic)
45
pelvic inflammatory disease causes, complications, & manifestations
causes: STI; bacteria introduced during childbirth, endometrial procedures complications: reproductive structure obstructions, peritonitis, abscesses, septicemia, adhesions, chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancies, infertility manifestations: indications of infection; pain or tenderness in the pelvis, lower abdomen, or lower back; abnorm vaginal and cervical discharge; bleeding after sexual intercourse; painful painful sexual intercourse; urinary frequency; dysuria; dysmenorrhea; amenorrhea
46
breast cancer
-most common malignancy in women, 2nd leading cause of cancer death in women (can occur in men but rare) -contributing factors: age, early onset of menstruation, fam history, genetic predis (BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes), obesity, and exogen estrogen exposure -Most are estrogen-dependent and originate iin the duct system (early, the tumor is freely moving; tumor becomes fixed as the cancer progresses) -metastasis can occur to nearby lymph nodes, lungs, brain, bone, and liver
47
breast cancer manifestations & diagnosis
manifestations: asymptomatic; mass in the breast or axillary that is hard, has uneven edges, and is usually painless; change in the size, shape, or feel of the breast or nipple; and nipple drainage that may be bloody, clear to yellow, green, or purulent diagnosis: monthly self-breast examinations, mammogram, and biopsy
48
cervical cancer
-rates have been declining in recent years w screening advancements and vaccinations -almost all cervical cancers are caused by HPV -can be spread to oral,head and neck region... higher risk of head and neck cancer
49
cervical cancer manifestations, diagnosis, & prevention
manifestations: asymptomatic; continuous vaginal discharge; AUB btwn menstruation, after intercourse, or after menopause diagnosis: pap smear prevention: HPV vaccine
50
ovarian cancer
9th most freq cancer in women & 5th leading cause of cancer death
51
ovarian cancer risk factors & manifestations
risk factors: genetic predisposition (defects on the BRCA1 & BRCA2), advancing age, infertility, excessive estrogen exposure, obesity, & androgen hormone therapy manifestations: abdominal distention, pelvic pain, eating disturbances, bowel pattern changes, gastrointestinal discomfort, pain during sexual intercourse, malaise, urinary freq, & menstruation changes

patho exam III (6 decks)

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