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gi function 1 Flashcards

1
Q

upper gi tract

A

esophagus, stomach

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2
Q

lower gi tract

A

small intestines, large intestines

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3
Q

accessory organs

A

liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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4
Q

esophageal atresia (congenital disorders)

A

-incomplete formation of the esophagus
-can occur w fistula to the trachea
-often associated w other congenital disorders

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5
Q

esophageal atresia risk factors, manifestations, complication

A

risk factors: increased paternal age & maternal use of assisted reproduction
manifestations: excessive secretions, coughing, vomiting, & cyanosis after feeding
complication: aspiration pneumonia

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6
Q

pyloric stenosis (congenital disorders)

A

-narrowing and obstruction of the pyloric sphincter
-the pyloric sphincter muscle fibers become thick & stiff, making it difficult for the stomach to empty food into the small intestine
-may be present at birth or develop later in life
-most cases present at approx 3 weeks of life

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7
Q

pyloric stenosis manifestations

A

-hard mass in the abdomen, regurgitation, projectile vomiting, wavelike stomach contractions, small and infrequent stools, failure to gain weight, dehydration

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8
Q

dsyphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

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9
Q

dysphagia causes & manifestations

A

causes: congenital atresia, esophageal stenosis/stricture fibrosis, esophageal diverticula, achalasia, neurologic damage (CN V, VII, *IX, *X, XII)
manifestations: a sensation of food being stuck in the throat, choking, coughing, “pocketing” food in the cheeks, difficulty forming a blood bolus, delayed swallowing, and odynophagia

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10
Q

cranial nerve names

A
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11
Q

vomiting (emesis)

A

-involuntary or voluntary forceful ejection of chyme from the stomach up through the esophagus and out the mouth
-reflex coordinated by the medulla
-may be preceded by nausea or retching

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12
Q

describe reflex of vomiting

A

-deep breath is taken
-glottis closes & soft palate rises
-respirations cease to minimize aspiration risk
-gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes
-abdominal muscles contract, squeezing stomach against diaphragm to force chyme upwards
-reverse peristaltic waves eject chyme from the mouth

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13
Q

vomiting complications

A

fluid, electrolyte, & pH imbalances, aspiration

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14
Q

hematemesis (type of vomit)

A

-blood in vomitus
-has characteristic “coffee grounds” appearance resulting from protein in the blood being partially digested
-blood is irritating to the gastric mucosa
-can occur from any conditions that cause upper GI bleeding - ulcers

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15
Q

yellow or green vomitus

A

-indicate presence of bile
-can occur as a result of a GI tract obstruction

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16
Q

deep brown vomitus

A

-indicates content from the lower intestine
-freq results form intestinal obstruction

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17
Q

undigested food vomitus

A

caused by conditions that impair gastric emptying - ie. pyloric stenosis

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18
Q

hiatal hernia

A

-a stomach section protrudes upward through an opening in the diaphragm toward the lung

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19
Q

hiatal hernia causes, risk factors, manifestations

A

causes: weakening of the diaphragm muscle, freq resulting from increased intrathoracic pressure or increased intraabdominal pressure; trauma; congenital defects
risk factors: advanced age & smoking
manifestations: indigestion, heartburn, freq belching, nausea, chest pain, strictures, dysphagia, & soft upper abdominal mass (protruding stomach pouch)

20
Q

hiatal hernia can worsen w …

A

recumbent positioning, eating (especially after large meals), bending over, coughing

21
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

-chyme or bile periodically backs up form the stomach into the esophagus, irritating the esophageal mucosa
-often confused w angina (chest pain) & may warrant ruling out cardia disease

22
Q

GERD causes & manifestations

A

causes: certain foods (e.g. chocolate, caffeine, carbonated bevs, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicey or fatty foods, & peppermint) , alcohol consumption, nic, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain meds
manifestations: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, & sensation of a lump in the throat

23
Q

GERD complications & treatment

A

complications: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, & chronic pulmonary disease
treatment: avoid triggers, eat small freq meals, remain upright 2-3 hrs after meals, weight loss, stress reduction, elevate the head of the bed approx 6 in, antacids, acid-reducing agents

24
Q

gastritis

A

-inflammation of stomach’s mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a region)
-acute or chronic

25
gastritis manifestations & causes
manifestations: indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, & malaise -Helicobacter pylori: most common cause of chronic gastritis, embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins & enzymes that cause inflammation -genetic vulnerability & lifestyle behaviors (ex. smoking & stress) may increase the susceptibility other causes: organisms transmitted through food & water contamination, long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alc use, severe stress
26
gastritis complications
-peptic ulcers, gastic cancer, & hemorrhage
27
ulcers
-peptic ulcer disease (PUD): lesions affecting stomach lining or duodenum -vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration
28
ulcers risk factors, complications, & manifestations
risk factors: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, & those for GERD (ex. smoking & alc use) complications: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, & peritonitis manifestations: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, & vomiting
28
gastric ulcers
-less freq but more deadly -typically associated w malignancy & nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -pain typically worsens w eating
28
duodenal ulcers
-most commonly associated w excessive acid or H. pylori infections -typically present w epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food
28
stress ulcers
develop bc of major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis
29
cholelithiasis (gallstones)
-a common condition that varies in severity based on size, but affects both genders & all ethnic groups relatively equally -cholecystitis: inflammation or infection in the biliary system caused by calculi
30
cholelithiasis (gallstones) risk factors, manifestations, & treatment
risk factors: advancing age, obesity, diet, rapid weight loss, pregnancy (may obstruct bile flow & cause gallbladder rupture, fistula formation, gangrene, hepatitis, pancreatitis, & carcinoma) manifestations: biliary colic, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fever treatment: low-fat diet, medications to dissolve the calculi (e.g. bile acids), lithotripsy, choledochostomy (surgery to create an opening for drainage), and laparoscopic removal of calculi or gallbladder (cholecystectomy)
31
hepatitis
-inflammation of the liver -can be acute or chronic, active or nonactive -can result in hepatic cell destruction, necrosis, autolysis, hyperplasia, and scarring
32
hepatitis causes
infections (usually viral), alcohol, meds (e.g. acetaminophen, tylenol, antiseizure agents, & antibiotics), or autoimmune disease
33
nonviral hepatitis
-noncontagious and most will recover -may develop liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis
34
viral hepatitis
-contagious but most will recover w sufficient time -advancing age & comorbidity increase the likelihood that liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis will develop
35
cirrhosis
chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to the liver resulting in decreased liver function; may develop over 40 yrs even if underlying cause is addressed -leads to fibrosis, nodule formation, impaired blood flow, and bile obstruction that can result in liver failure
36
cirrhosis causes & treatment
causes: hepatitis c infection and chronic alc abuse are the most freq causes of cirrhosis in the US treatment: complex & varies depending on the underlying causes -hepatitis-related cirrhosis will be treated w antiviral agents & interferon -avoid alc, drugs, & hepatotoxic meds
37
cirrhosis complications
-jaundice: yellowing of eyes/skin -esophageal varices, hemorrhoids: enlarged veins, easily rupture -portal hypertension: caput medusa -ascites: fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity -enlarged organs: splenomegaly -slow or severe bleeding, -clotting changes: decreased clotting -muscle wasting, hyperlipidemia, bile accumulation, clay-colored stools & dark urine
38
pancreatitis
-inflammation of the pancreas: acute or chronic, acute pancreatitis is a med emergency -pancreatic injury causes pancreatic enzymes to leak into the pancreatic tissue & initiate auto-digestion, resulting in edema, vascular damage, hemorrhage, & necrosis -pancreatic tissue is replaced by fibrosis, which causes exocrine & endocrine changes & dysfunction of the islets of Langerhans
39
manifestations of acute pancreatitis
-sudden & severe -upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating, & is somewhat relieved by leaning forward or pulling the knees toward the chest -nausea & vomiting -low-grade fever -bp & pulse changes
40
manifestations of chronic pancreatitis
-insidious -upper abdominal pain -indigestion -losing weight w out trying -steatorrhea, constipation
41
pancreatitis complications
-acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes mellitus, infection, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure, malnutrition, pancreatic cancer, pseudocyst, & abscess
42
pancreatitis treatment
-close monitoring & aggressive management -resting the pancreas by fasting, admin intravenous nutrition, & gradually advancing diet from clear liquids as tolerated to low fat -pancreatic enzyme supplements when diet is resumed; antacids & acid-reducing agents -nasogastric tube w intermittent suction plus antiemetic agents -identifying & treating complications early

patho exam III (6 decks)

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