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patho exam III > gi function 1 > Flashcards

gi function 1 Flashcards

1
Q

upper gi tract

A

esophagus, stomach

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2
Q

lower gi tract

A

small intestines, large intestines

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3
Q

accessory organs

A

liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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4
Q

esophageal atresia (congenital disorders)

A

-incomplete formation of the esophagus
-can occur w fistula to the trachea
-often associated w other congenital disorders

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5
Q

esophageal atresia risk factors, manifestations, complication

A

risk factors: increased paternal age & maternal use of assisted reproduction
manifestations: excessive secretions, coughing, vomiting, & cyanosis after feeding
complication: aspiration pneumonia

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6
Q

pyloric stenosis (congenital disorders)

A

-narrowing and obstruction of the pyloric sphincter
-the pyloric sphincter muscle fibers become thick & stiff, making it difficult for the stomach to empty food into the small intestine
-may be present at birth or develop later in life
-most cases present at approx 3 weeks of life

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7
Q

pyloric stenosis manifestations

A

-hard mass in the abdomen, regurgitation, projectile vomiting, wavelike stomach contractions, small and infrequent stools, failure to gain weight, dehydration

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8
Q

dsyphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

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9
Q

dysphagia causes & manifestations

A

causes: congenital atresia, esophageal stenosis/stricture fibrosis, esophageal diverticula, achalasia, neurologic damage (CN V, VII, *IX, *X, XII)
manifestations: a sensation of food being stuck in the throat, choking, coughing, “pocketing” food in the cheeks, difficulty forming a blood bolus, delayed swallowing, and odynophagia

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10
Q

cranial nerve names

A
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11
Q

vomiting (emesis)

A

-involuntary or voluntary forceful ejection of chyme from the stomach up through the esophagus and out the mouth
-reflex coordinated by the medulla
-may be preceded by nausea or retching

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12
Q

describe reflex of vomiting

A

-deep breath is taken
-glottis closes & soft palate rises
-respirations cease to minimize aspiration risk
-gastroesophageal sphincter relaxes
-abdominal muscles contract, squeezing stomach against diaphragm to force chyme upwards
-reverse peristaltic waves eject chyme from the mouth

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13
Q

vomiting complications

A

fluid, electrolyte, & pH imbalances, aspiration

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14
Q

hematemesis (type of vomit)

A

-blood in vomitus
-has characteristic “coffee grounds” appearance resulting from protein in the blood being partially digested
-blood is irritating to the gastric mucosa
-can occur from any conditions that cause upper GI bleeding - ulcers

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15
Q

yellow or green vomitus

A

-indicate presence of bile
-can occur as a result of a GI tract obstruction

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16
Q

deep brown vomitus

A

-indicates content from the lower intestine
-freq results form intestinal obstruction

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17
Q

undigested food vomitus

A

caused by conditions that impair gastric emptying - ie. pyloric stenosis

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18
Q

hiatal hernia

A

-a stomach section protrudes upward through an opening in the diaphragm toward the lung

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19
Q

hiatal hernia causes, risk factors, manifestations

A

causes: weakening of the diaphragm muscle, freq resulting from increased intrathoracic pressure or increased intraabdominal pressure; trauma; congenital defects
risk factors: advanced age & smoking
manifestations: indigestion, heartburn, freq belching, nausea, chest pain, strictures, dysphagia, & soft upper abdominal mass (protruding stomach pouch)

20
Q

hiatal hernia can worsen w …

A

recumbent positioning, eating (especially after large meals), bending over, coughing

21
Q

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

-chyme or bile periodically backs up form the stomach into the esophagus, irritating the esophageal mucosa
-often confused w angina (chest pain) & may warrant ruling out cardia disease

22
Q

GERD causes & manifestations

A

causes: certain foods (e.g. chocolate, caffeine, carbonated bevs, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicey or fatty foods, & peppermint) , alcohol consumption, nic, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain meds
manifestations: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, & sensation of a lump in the throat

23
Q

GERD complications & treatment

A

complications: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations, esophageal cancer, & chronic pulmonary disease
treatment: avoid triggers, eat small freq meals, remain upright 2-3 hrs after meals, weight loss, stress reduction, elevate the head of the bed approx 6 in, antacids, acid-reducing agents

24
Q

gastritis

A

-inflammation of stomach’s mucosal lining (may involve the entire stomach or a region)
-acute or chronic

25
Q

gastritis manifestations & causes

A

manifestations: indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, & malaise
-Helicobacter pylori: most common cause of chronic gastritis, embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins & enzymes that cause inflammation
-genetic vulnerability & lifestyle behaviors (ex. smoking & stress) may increase the susceptibility
other causes: organisms transmitted through food & water contamination, long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alc use, severe stress

26
Q

gastritis complications

A

-peptic ulcers, gastic cancer, & hemorrhage

27
Q

ulcers

A

-peptic ulcer disease (PUD): lesions affecting stomach lining or duodenum
-vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration

28
Q

ulcers risk factors, complications, & manifestations

A

risk factors: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, & those for GERD (ex. smoking & alc use)
complications: GI hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, & peritonitis
manifestations: epigastric or abdominal pain, abdominal cramping, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, & vomiting

28
Q

gastric ulcers

A

-less freq but more deadly
-typically associated w malignancy & nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
-pain typically worsens w eating

28
Q

duodenal ulcers

A

-most commonly associated w excessive acid or H. pylori infections
-typically present w epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food

28
Q

stress ulcers

A

develop bc of major physiological stressor on the body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis

29
Q

cholelithiasis (gallstones)

A

-a common condition that varies in severity based on size, but affects both genders & all ethnic groups relatively equally
-cholecystitis: inflammation or infection in the biliary system caused by calculi

30
Q

cholelithiasis (gallstones) risk factors, manifestations, & treatment

A

risk factors: advancing age, obesity, diet, rapid weight loss, pregnancy (may obstruct bile flow & cause gallbladder rupture, fistula formation, gangrene, hepatitis, pancreatitis, & carcinoma)
manifestations: biliary colic, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fever
treatment: low-fat diet, medications to dissolve the calculi (e.g. bile acids), lithotripsy, choledochostomy (surgery to create an opening for drainage), and laparoscopic removal of calculi or gallbladder (cholecystectomy)

31
Q

hepatitis

A

-inflammation of the liver
-can be acute or chronic, active or nonactive
-can result in hepatic cell destruction, necrosis, autolysis, hyperplasia, and scarring

32
Q

hepatitis causes

A

infections (usually viral), alcohol, meds (e.g. acetaminophen, tylenol, antiseizure agents, & antibiotics), or autoimmune disease

33
Q

nonviral hepatitis

A

-noncontagious and most will recover
-may develop liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis

34
Q

viral hepatitis

A

-contagious but most will recover w sufficient time
-advancing age & comorbidity increase the likelihood that liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis will develop

35
Q

cirrhosis

A

chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to the liver resulting in decreased liver function; may develop over 40 yrs even if underlying cause is addressed
-leads to fibrosis, nodule formation, impaired blood flow, and bile obstruction that can result in liver failure

36
Q

cirrhosis causes & treatment

A

causes: hepatitis c infection and chronic alc abuse are the most freq causes of cirrhosis in the US
treatment: complex & varies depending on the underlying causes
-hepatitis-related cirrhosis will be treated w antiviral agents & interferon
-avoid alc, drugs, & hepatotoxic meds

37
Q

cirrhosis complications

A

-jaundice: yellowing of eyes/skin
-esophageal varices, hemorrhoids: enlarged veins, easily rupture
-portal hypertension: caput medusa
-ascites: fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity
-enlarged organs: splenomegaly
-slow or severe bleeding, -clotting changes: decreased clotting
-muscle wasting, hyperlipidemia, bile accumulation, clay-colored stools & dark urine

38
Q

pancreatitis

A

-inflammation of the pancreas: acute or chronic, acute pancreatitis is a med emergency
-pancreatic injury causes pancreatic enzymes to leak into the pancreatic tissue & initiate auto-digestion, resulting in edema, vascular damage, hemorrhage, & necrosis
-pancreatic tissue is replaced by fibrosis, which causes exocrine & endocrine changes & dysfunction of the islets of Langerhans

39
Q

manifestations of acute pancreatitis

A

-sudden & severe
-upper abdominal pain that radiates to the back, worsens after eating, & is somewhat relieved by leaning forward or pulling the knees toward the chest
-nausea & vomiting
-low-grade fever
-bp & pulse changes

40
Q

manifestations of chronic pancreatitis

A

-insidious
-upper abdominal pain
-indigestion
-losing weight w out trying
-steatorrhea, constipation

41
Q

pancreatitis complications

A

-acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes mellitus, infection, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure, malnutrition, pancreatic cancer, pseudocyst, & abscess

42
Q

pancreatitis treatment

A

-close monitoring & aggressive management
-resting the pancreas by fasting, admin intravenous nutrition, & gradually advancing diet from clear liquids as tolerated to low fat
-pancreatic enzyme supplements when diet is resumed; antacids & acid-reducing agents
-nasogastric tube w intermittent suction plus antiemetic agents
-identifying & treating complications early

patho exam III (6 decks)

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