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patho exam III > gi function 2 > Flashcards

gi function 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bristol stool types 1 & 2

A

constipation
type 1: rabbit droppings
type 2: bunch of grapes

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2
Q

bristol stool types 3 & 4

A

ideal
type 3: corn on cob
type 4: sausage

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3
Q

bristol stool types 5, 6, & 7

A

diarrhea
type 5: chicken nuggets
type 6: porridge
type 7: gravy

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4
Q

diarrhea

A

-change in bowel pattern characterized by an increased frequency, amt, and water content of the stool
-results bc of increased fluid secretion, decreased fluid absorption, or an alteration in GI peristalsis
-complications: dehydration, electrolyte imbalances

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5
Q

acute diarrhea

A

-often self-limiting (depending on cause)
-often caused by viral or bacterial infections or certain meds (eg. antibiotics, antacids, & laxatives)
-accompanied by cramping, fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting; bowel sounds may be hyperactive and fluids imbalanced

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6
Q

chronic diarrhea

A

-lasts longer than 4 weeks
-causes: inflammatory bowel diseases, malabsorption syndromes, endocrine disorders, chemotherapy, and radiation

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7
Q

originating in the small intestine

A

-stools are large, loose, & provoked by eating
-usually accompanied by pain in the right lower quadrant

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8
Q

originating in the large intestine

A

-stools are small & freq
-freq accompanied by pain & cramping in the left lower quadrant

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9
Q

constipation

A

-change in bowel pattern characterized by infreq passage of stool in reference to the individual’s typical bowel pattern
-stool remains in the large intestine longer than usual, increasing the amt of water removed

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10
Q

constipation causes, manifestations, complications

A

causes: low-fiber diet, inadequate physical act, insufficient fluid intake, delaying the urge to defecate, stress, travel, bowel disease, certain meds
manifestations: pain during bowel movement, inability to pass stool, hypoactive bowel sound
complications: anal bleeding, anal fissure, pH disturbances, hemorrhoids, diverticulitis, impaction, intestinal obstruction

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11
Q

intestinal obstruction

A

-sudden or gradual and partial or complete blockage of intestinal contents in intestines
-chyme & gas accumulate at the site of the blockage; gastric juices, bile, & pancreatic secretions begin to collect as the blockage lingers

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12
Q

intestinal mechanical obstruction causes

A

foreign, bodies, tumors, adhesions, hernias, volvulus, strictures, Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, Hirschsprung’s disease, & fecal impaction

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13
Q

intestinal functional obstruction causes (paralytic ileuses)

A

neurologic impairment; infections; abdominal blood supply impairment; meds (eg. narcotics)

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14
Q

intestinal obstruction manifestations & complications

A

manifestations: abdominal distention, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, decreased or absent bowel sounds, restlessness, diaphoresis, tachycardia progressing to weakness, confusion, & shock
complications: perforation, pH imbalances, fluid disturbances, shock, sepsis, & death

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15
Q

appendicitis

A

-inflammation of the vermiform appendix, most often caused by an infection
-triggers local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure
-as fluid builds inside the appendix, microorganisms proliferate
-appendix fills w purulent exudate & area blood vessels become compressed
-ishemia & necrosis develop; pressure inside the appendix escalates, forcing bacteria & toxins out to surrounding structures

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16
Q

appendicitis complications

A

abscesses, peritonitis, gangrene, & death
-medical emergency

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17
Q

appendicitis manifestations

A

-vary form asymptomatic to sudden & severe
-sharp abdominal pain develops, gradually intensifies (over abt 12-24 hrs), and becomes localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen (McBurney point)
-pain may occur anywhere in abdomen; will temporarily subside if the appendix ruptures, & then the pain will return & escalate
-nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, & bowel pattern changes
-indications of inflammation & infection (eg. fever, chills, & leukocytosis)
-indications of peritonitis (eg. abdominal rigidity, tachycardia, & hypotension)

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18
Q

appendectomy

A

-removal of the appendix
-commonly done laparoscopically (minimally invasive)

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19
Q

peritonitis

A

-inflammation of the peritoneum activates several protective mechanisms
-a thick, sticky exudate that bonds nearby structures & temporarily seals them off
-abscesses may form in an attempt to wall off the infections
peristalsis may slow down in a response to the inflammation, decreasing spread of toxins/bacteria

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20
Q

peritonitis causes & manifestations

A

causes: chem irritation (eg. ruptured gallbladder or spleen) or direct organism invasion (eg. appendicitis & peritoneal dialysis)
manifestations:
-usually sudden & severe; classical manifestation is abdominal rigidity
-abdominal tenderness & pain, decreased peristalsis, intestinal obstruction, nausea/vomiting
-large volumes of fluid leak into the peritoneal cavity –> hypovolemic shock
-indicators of infection, sepsis. or shock

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21
Q

celiac disease

A

-gluten-sensitive enteropathy: inherited, autoimmune, malabsorption disorder
-caused by a combination of an immune response to an environmental factor (gliadin) & genetic predisposition
-results from a defect in the intestinal enzymes that prevents further digestion of gliadin (a product of gluten digestion)
-intestinal villi atrophy & flatten, resulting in decreased enzyme production & making less surface area available for nutrient absorption

22
Q

celiac disease manifestations

A

manifestations: include abdominal pain or distention, bloating, gas, indigestion, constipation, diarrhea, lactose intolerance, nausea, steatorrhea, weight loss, irritability, lethargy, malaise, behavioral changes
-in infants, generally appear as cereals are added to their diet (usually arnd 4-6 months of age)

23
Q

celiac disease complications

A

-anemia, arthralgia, myalgia
-vitamin or mineral deficiency –> bone disease, dental enamel defects
-intestinal cancers
-growth & development delays in children

24
Q

inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

A

-chronic inflammation of the GI tract, usually the intestines
-chiefly seen in women, Caucasians, persons of Jewish descent, & smokers
-thought to be caused by a genetically associated autoimmune state that has been activated by an infection
-immune cells located in the intestinal mucosa are stimulated to release inflammatory mediators that alter the function & neural act of the secretory & smooth muscle cells

25
Q

What 3 things develop in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

A

fluid, electrolyte, & pH imbalances develop

26
Q

what is ibd thought to be caused by?

A

genetically associated autoimmune state that has been activated by an infection

27
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A

-insidious, slow-developing, progressive condition often develops in adolescence
-characterized by patchy areas of inflammation involving the full thickness of the small intestinal wall & ulcerations
-the damaged intestinal wall loses the ability to digest & absorb
-the inflammation also stimulates intestinal motility, decreasing digestion & absorption

28
Q

Crohn’s disease manifestations

A

manifestations: abdominal cramping & pain, diarrhea, steatorrhea, constipation, melena, weight loss, & indications of inflammation (eg. fever, fatigue, arthralgia, & malaise)

29
Q

Crohn’s disease complications

A

-malnutrition; anemia (especially iron deficiency)
-fistulas; adhesions; intestinal obstruction; perforation; anal fissure
-delayed growth & development; & fluid, electrolyte, & pH imbalances

30
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

-progressive condition of the rectum & colon mucosa usually develops in 20s-30s
-the mucosa becomes inflamed, edematous, & frail
-necrosis of the epithelial tissue can result in abscesses; granulation tissue formed is fragile
-ulcers merge into areas of stripped mucosa w inadequate surface area for absorption

31
Q

Ulcerative Colitis manifestations

A

-diarrhea (usually freq, as many as 20x daily), watery stools w blood & mucus, proctitis, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, & indications of inflammation (eg. fever, fatigue, arthralgia, & malaise)

32
Q

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

A

-chronic, noninflammatory, GI condition characterized by exacerbations associated w stress
-includes alterations in bowel pattern & abdominal pain not explained by structural or biochem abnormalities
-less serious than IBD, is noninflammatory, & does not cause permanent intestinal damage; more common in women then men

33
Q

What are the 3 theories of IBS etiology? Explain.

A

-altered GI motility
-visceral hyperalgesia
-psychopathology
-intensified response to stimuli w increased intestinal motility & contractions–low tolerance for stretching & pain in the intestinal smooth muscle

34
Q

IBS manifestations & diagnosis

A

-chronic & freq constipation or diarrhea, usually accompanies by pain
-abdominal distention, fullness, flatus, & bloating
-nonbloody stool that may contain mucus
-bowel urgency
-intolerance to certain foods (usually gas forming foods & those containing sorbitol, lactose, & gluten)
-emotional distress
-anorexia
-stress, mood disorders, food, & hormone changes often worsen symptoms
-diagnosis of exclusion

35
Q

diverticular disease

A

-conditions related to the development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of the intestinal wall that occur when inner layers of the large intestine herniate through a weakened muscular layer
-may be congenital or acquired
-thought to be caused by a low-fiber diet & poor bowel habits that result in chronic constipation
-the muscular wall can become weakened from the prolonged effort of moving hard stools
-more common in developed countries where processed foods & low-fiber diets are typical

36
Q

diverticuLOSIS

A

-asymptomatic diverticular disease, multiple diverticula present

37
Q

diverticuLITIS

A

-diverticula become inflamed, usually bc of retained fecal matter (often asymptomatic until it becomes serious)
-potential for fatal obstruction, infection, abscess, perforation, peritonitis, hemorrhage, & shock

38
Q

diverticular disease manifestations

A

abdominal cramping, passing frank blood, low-grade fever, abdominal tenderness (usually left lower quadrant), abdominal distention/mass, constipation, obstipation, nausea

39
Q

oral cancer

A

-most cases involve squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue & mouth floor
-most common & most deadly in men
-treatable if caught early, but most cases are advanced upon diagnosis

40
Q

manifestations of oral cancer

A

-painless, whitish thickening that develop into a nodule or an ulcerative lesion that persists, does not heal, & bleeds easily
-additional manifestations: a lump, thickening, or soreness in the mouth, throat, or tongue as well as difficulty chewing or swallowing

41
Q

risk factors of oral cancer

A

smoked & smokeless tobacco, alc consumption, viral infections (HPV), immunodeficiencies, inadequate nutrition, poor dental hygiene

42
Q

oral cancer often metastasizes to…

A

neck lymph nodes & esophagus

43
Q

esophageal cancer

A

-usually a squamous cell carcinoma in the distal esophagus
-most common in men
-associated w chronic irritation
-tumors grow the circumference of the esophagus, creating a stricture, or they can grow out into the lumen of the esophagus, creating an obstruction

44
Q

esophageal cancer complications & manifestations

A

complications: esophageal obstruction, respiratory compromise, & esophageal bleeding (usually asymptomatic early, delaying treatment)
manifestations: dysphagia, chest pain, weight loss, & hematemesis

45
Q

gastric cancer

A

-asymptomatic early stages delay diagnosis & treatment
-incidence & mortality rates have declined in the US, but remains prevalent worldwide, especially in Japan

46
Q

gastric cancer risk factors

A

low-fiber diet, constipation, fam history, H/ pylori infections, smoking, pernicious anemia, & gastric polyps

47
Q

gastric cancer manifestations

A

-abdominal pain/fullness, epigastric discomfort, palpable abdominal mass
-melena, dysphagia that worsens over time, excessive belching
-anorexia, nausea, vomiting, hematemesis, unintentional weight loss, weakness, & fatigue

48
Q

gastric cancer treatment

A

gastrectomy, chemotherapy, radiation, & nutritional support

49
Q

liver cancer

A

-most commonly occurs as a secondary tumor that has metastasized from the breast, lung, or other GI structures

50
Q

liver cancer causes

A

causes of primary tumors: chronic cirrhosis & hepatitis

51
Q

liver cancer manifestations & treatment

A

manifestations (similar to other liver disease): jaundice, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (usually in the upper right quadrant), hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, edema, ascites, weight loss
treatment (depending on the primary site & progression of the cancer): chemotherapy, surgical removal, liver transplant

patho exam III (6 decks)

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