Reproductive Function (14) Flashcards
What are external reproductive structures
Mons pubis Vulva vistibule Labia majora Labia minora Clitorus
What are internal female reproductive structures?
Vagina Uterus Ovaries Fallopian Tubes Breasts
What stimulation breast development?
Estrogen and other hormones
What are glandular lobules and ducks of the breasts bound and separated by?
fibrous tissue and fat
What fills the space between the breast lobes and ducts
fatty tissue - gives the breasts a soft texture
What is the function of female reproduction?
Prepare the woman’s body, monthly to accept a fertilzed egg and proper environment for growth of a fetus
When is the average age of menarche>
average 12 years old, but can range from 8-18
When does ovulation occur?
usually occurs halfway through a typical 28 day cycle
Where is the egg released during ovulation?
into fallopian tube where it waits to be fertilized
What happens if fertilization does not occur during the cycle?
hormones decrease and menstruation begins
What hormones are responsible for the menstrual cycle?
Estrogen, progesterone, androgens, follicle-stimulating hormone (FHS), luteinizing hormone (LH)
What is the role of estrogen?
Responsible for development and maintenance of reproductive organs
What is the role of progesterone
regulates uterine changes
What do androgens do in females?
stimulate follicular development
What releases Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone?
Pituitary gland
What does the Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?
stimulates ovaries to secrete estrogen
What does the luteinizing hormone do?
stimulates progesterone production
What is menstruation?
shedding of the uterine lining since pregnancy was not established
Describe perimenopause
Transitional time (5-8 years) before last menstrual period
What are signs and symptoms of perimenopause?
irregular menstrual period, hot flashes, night sweats, breast tenderness, mood changes, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction
What is happening during perimenopause?
Estrogen levels decrease
Unpredictable ovulation cycles - can lead to unintended pregnancies
What can play a huge role in perimenopause?
Hormone therapy
What are we concerned about with hormone therapy?
Thrombo-events
- strokes, DVT, PE
When does a female have a dx of menopause?
12 months of amennorhea
What is menopause?
end of any type of reproductive capacity
- ovaries are no longer active
- reproductive organs become smaller
- normal part of aging
When does menopause typically kick in?
45-52 years
Assessment of female reproductive system?
Menstrual history Sexual history Contraceptive use Medication use (past as well) Vaginal discharge Hx Urinary fx Hx bowel issues Hx fertilizing treatments Hx breast health Hx surgery or procedures that might impact reproductive tract Hx chronic illness Psychosocial information Hx physical/sexual abuse
Pelvic examination assessment order
Inspection, palpation, speculum examination, bimanual palpation
Breast assessment (order of assessment)
Inspection, palpation, nipple discharge
How is a breast exam performed?
arm up
outer limits and work towards nipple in clockwise motion
what does normal discharge look like?
Mucus/white
Candida infection: symptoms, odor, consistency/color
S/s: itching, irritation
Odor: yeast order or none
Consistency/color: thin to thick, curd-like/white
Bacterial vaginosis: symptoms, odor, consistency/color
S/s: odor
Odor: Fishy, often noticed after intercourse
Consistency: thin/grayish or yellow
Trichomonas infection: symptoms, odor, consistency/color
s/s: Irritation, odor
Odor: Malodorous
Consistency/color: Copious, often frothy/yellow green
Atrophic vaginal discharge: symptoms, odor, consistency/color
s/s: vulvar or vaginal dryness
Odor: occasional milk malodor
Consistency/color: Usually scant and mucoid/may be blood-tinged
What are types of reproductive diagnostic evaluation tools?
Papanicolaou (PAP) test
Uterine diagnostics
Mammography
What are examples of Uterine diagnostics
Colposcopy
Cervical biopsy
Cryotherapy and laser therapy
Cone biopsy and loop electrosurgical excision procedure
What are ways a mammography can be performed?
Ultrasound or MRI
What is the main reason for Pap smear
cervical procedure
What are things to keep in mind before a papsmear?
Should not be on period - no tampon use before
No douching
No sexual intercourse 2 days before
What are the structures of the male reproductive system?
Testicles Vas Deferens Seminal Vesicles Penis Prostate Gland Testosterone
Male reproductive assessment
Health hx Sexual hx Sexual fx STD hx Urinary changes **
Physical assessment of males
Penis
Scrotum
Digital rectum exam
Breasts
What are diagnostic tools for the male reproductive system?
Prostate-Specific antigen
Ultrasound
Prostate fluid or tissue analysis
What should prostate-specific antigen be?
0.2-0.4
What are examples of tests for male sexual function
nocturnal penile tumescence test
Penile doppler
Psychosocial evaluation
Female and male gerontological considerations: reproductive system
Vulvar dystrophy Uterine prolapse Decreased libido Male sexual dysfunction Benign prostatic hyperplasia
