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NURSING 3 > Immune function > Flashcards

Immune function Flashcards

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1
Q

Immunity: definition

A

Body’s specific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism

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2
Q

What are disorders of the immune system

A

Excesses or deficiencies of immunocompetent cells
Alterations in the function of these cells
Immunologic attack on self-antigens
Inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigens

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3
Q

What are factors the influence immune function?

A 
Central nervous system integrity
Emotional status
Medications
Stress of illness
Trauma
Surgery
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4
Q

What are components in the body that are a part of the immune system?

A 
Bone marrow
WBC
Lymphoid tissue
Thymus gland 
Spleen
Tonsils/adenoids
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5
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Normal protective immune response paradoxically turns against or attacks the body, leading to tissue damage

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6
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Body produces inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigens

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7
Q

Gammopathies

A

Immunoglobulins are overproduced

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8
Q

Primary immune deficiency

A

Deficiency results from improper development of immune cells or tissues; usually congenital or inherited

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9
Q

Secondary immune deficiency

A

Deficiency results from some interference with an already developed immune system; usually acquired later in life

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10
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Remove foreign material from the lymph system before it enters the bloodstream. They are centers for the proliferation of immune cells

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11
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A

Distributed throughout the body throughout the body and connected by lymph channels and capillaries

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12
Q

Natural immunity

A

Provides a nonspecific response to any foreign pathogen, regardless of the pathogen’s composition.

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13
Q

Natural immunity is dependent on what?

A

The ability to distinguish between self and non-self

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14
Q

Natural immunity coordinates what?

A

The initial response to pathogens through the production of cytokines

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15
Q

What are the 2 stages of natural immunity?

A

immediate or delayed

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16
Q

Natural immunity: physical and chemical barriers do what

A

Help immune system response - prevent or delay entry into the body of various pathogens before infection can develop

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17
Q

Example of physical and chemical barriers

A

_____

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18
Q

Physical and chemical barriers (Natural immunity) - interferon-viricidal protein

A

_____ GO read in book

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19
Q

Natural immunity: inflammatory response

A

Tissue injury or pathogens

Facilitated by physical and chemical barriers

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20
Q

Natural immunity: immune response

A

Successful immune response eliminates the responsible antigen

Disorders with constant inflammatory response – hypersensitivity reaction

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21
Q

Acquired immunity

A

Develops as a result of exposure to an antigen - immunization or contacting the disease

22
Q

What are the 2 types of acquired immunity?

A

Passive

Active

23
Q

Acquired immunity: passive immunity

A

Temporary immunity transmitted from a source outside the body that has developed immunity through previous disease or immunization

the short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.

24
Q

Passive immunity - Immune globulin/antiserum

A

used in emergencies after a hepatitis exposure

25
Q

Acquired immunity: active

A

immunologic defense are developed by the person’s own body

  • lasts years or a lifetime
  • relies on the recognition of specific foreign antigens
26
Q

Go read in book about the different types of immunuty

A

ex: active natural, artificial active, etc.

27
Q

What conditions does the humoral response fight?

A
  • Bacterial phagocytosis and lysis
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Allergic hay fever and asthma
  • Immune complex disease
  • Bacterial and some viral infections
28
Q

What cells are involved in humoral response?

A

B cells

29
Q

What cells are involved with cellular response?

A

T cells

30
Q

What conditions does the cellular response target?

A 
Transplant rejection
Delayed hypersensitivity
Graft v Host disease 
Tumor surveillance or destruction
Intracellular infections 
Viral, Fungal, and parasitic infections
31
Q

How might B cells respond to antigens?

A

Sometimes, B cells can response to the antigen by directly triggering the antibody. Other times, it needs the T cells because T cells recognize the “blueprint” and message the B cells who are waiting in the lymph nodes - then the B cells start cloning.

Then, there becomes memory and allows us to fight and recognize faster with the next invasion

32
Q

What are the stages of immune response?

A

Recognition stage
Proliferation stage
Response stage
Effector stage

33
Q

What are the types of T cells

A

Helper T cells
Cytotoxic (killer) T cells
Suppressor T cells
Memory cells

34
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Large proteins called immunoglobulins that defend against foreign pathogens.

35
Q

How does the body develop antibodies?

A

from vaccinations or previous illness

36
Q

What are the types of B cells

A 
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD
37
Q

IgG

A

Most abundant in body
Responsible for humoral immunity
Crosses placenta
Assumes major role in blood borne and tissue infections

38
Q

IgA

A

Body secretions (Saliva, tears, sweat, GI tract)

Colostrum is rich in IgA

Prevents antigens or foreign substances from entering the body cells

Prevents absorption of antigens from food

39
Q

IgM

A

First antibody to be produced in response to bacterial and viral infections
Most effective

40
Q

IgE

A

Raised with allergies

Bind with mast cells - release histamine

41
Q

IgD

A

Not significant role
Present on the surface of b-cells
Thought to function as a b-cell receptor

42
Q

Immune dysfunction: respiratory system

A 
Changes in respiratory rate
Cough (dry or productive)
Abnormal lung sounds (wheezing, crackles, rhonchi, stridor)
Rhinitis
Hyperventilation
Bronchospasm
Hypoxemia
43
Q

Immune dysfunction: CV system

A 
Hypotension
Tachycardia
Arrhythmia
Vasculitis
Anemia
44
Q

Immune dysfunction: GI system

A

Hepatosplenomegaly
Colitis
Vomiting
Diarrhea

45
Q

Immune dysfunction: Genitourinary system

A

Frequency and burning on urination
Hematuria
Discharge

46
Q

immune dysfunction: musculoskeletal

A

Joint mobility, edema, and pain

47
Q

immune dysfunction: neurosensory system

A 
Cognitive dysfunction
Hearing loss
Visual changes
Headaches and migraines
Ataxia
Tetany
48
Q

Immune dysfunction: skin

A 
Rashes
Pruritus
Lesions
Dermatitis
Hematomas or purpura
Edema, angioedema, or urticaria
Inflammation
Flushing
Discharge
49
Q

Immune system assessment

A 
Past medical History
Signs and symptoms of an immune response
Immunization status
Allergies
Autoimmune disorders
Chronic illness and surgery
Medications & Blood transfusions
Nutrition
50
Q

Gerontological considerations: immunity

A

Immune - less antibodies, inflammatory response not as quick
GI - altered nutrition, decrease immunoglobulins
Urinary - flora change –> UTI
Pulmonary - environmental stuff they breath in
Integumentary - thinning
Circulatory
Neuro - decreased sensation

51
Q

What are examples of allergy testing

A

Skin tests
Radioallergosorbent Testing
Proactive testing

NURSING 3 (16 decks)

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