Reproductive Failur & Emergencies In Swine Flashcards
Most common reproductive failure in commercial farms
Failure to conceive
Most common reasons for culling
- no pregnancy
- too little piglets weaned
- no estrus
Proposed & true culling rate
- 40%
- true: 35%
Female signs of reproductive failure
- anestrus in post-weaning sows
- reg. & irreg. Return in heat
- no preg.
- abortion
- peripartum difficulties
Male related signs of repro. Failure
- older than 4 yrs
- systemic diseases
- genetics
- szn/temp.
- # of matings
- azoospermia/oligospermia (lack of & little sperm)
Shared signs of reproductive failure
- repeat breeding
- few piglets per litter
Prolonged weaning to estrus interval
- bad b/c should only be 5-6 days
- primiparous in summertime
- 95% in heat within 7 days of weaning
Silent heat is caused by
- using immature boar
(Is failure to detect heat)
Cystic ovarian disorders
- nymphomania (sows attract other sows)
- cystic ovarian follicles
Endometritis in sows
- long to dx
- prevention is best
Etiologies for reproductive failures
- anatomical abnormality
- trauma to genital tract (fighting)
- musculoskeletal issues (Osteochondrosis)
- systemic diseases
- toxin ingestion (mycoses, aflatoxins, fumonisin, zearalenone)
Most common reproductive toxin in pigs
Zearalenone
Zearalenone in pigs
- fusarium graninerarum & F. Culmorum
- affects corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, and rye
- mold germinates @ moistue greater than 20% and temps 65-85 degrees f.
- increased estrogenic effect
Acute signs of zearalenone tox.
- vulvovaginitis
- vulva reddening
- vulva swelling
- ceased embryo development
Chronic signs of zearalenone tox.
- irreg. Estrus cycl
- reduced piglet birth size
- vaginal or rectal prolapse
- increase # mummies (IMPORTANT)
Signs of zearalenone tox in boars
Enlargement of mammary gland & testicular atrophy
Most frequent chromosomal abnormality that causes boars t have litter sizes less than 8 piglets
Reciprocal translocations
Reciprocal translocations
- occur between chromosomes 1 & 6
- breeds: large white, swedish large white, gasconne
Penile injures and incidence
- necrotized glans penis
- 64-94.9% incidence in farm boars, not barrows
Infectious diseases usually cause
Abortion
Clinical signs of parvo
- infection at less than 30 days
- infection between 30-70 days -> mummification
- early embryonic resorption
- decreased litter size
Dx & comments about parvo
- IFAT on mummy lungs
- occurs more in gilts
- endemic and inapparent
Porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome caused by
Arterivirus
Clinical signs of porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome
- late gestation abortion
- stillbirth
- premature farrowing
- squeaker piglets
- respiratory symptoms in dam
- improvement in repro production after 3-5 mos
Comments and dx for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
- PCR on serum from acutely ill sows or fluids from aborted piglets
- serology on convalescent ows
- ID virus in fixed/fresh tissues of acutely infected neonates
Etiologic agent of most common type of leptospirosis
Leptospira pomona
Clinical signs of leptospirosis
- initial: abortions & stillbirths in late pregnancy
- weak piglets that can die within a few days
Dx and comments abt leptospirosis
- after 1 failure, dams breed normally
- focal nephritis and hepatitis may be seen in fetuses or older swine
- dx: herd serology, IFAT, or PCR on fetal tissues
Etiologic agent for pseudorabies
Herpesvirus
Clinical signs of pseudorabies
- initially: CNS signs, abortion, resp signs
- piglets: CNS signs or sudden death
- immune sows= no signs
- high mortality
Dx and comments about pseudorabies
- if endemic, repro signs less common than CNS or resp. Signs
- dx: serology, viral isolation, IHC, PCR
- eradicated in US since ‘04
Porcine circovirus type 2 etiologic agent
Family cirocviridae
Clinical signs of porcine circovirus type 2
- myoclonia congenita
- sporadic outbreaks of fetal death &/or mummification
Dx and comments abt porcine circovirus type 2
- dx: PCR in serum of pre-suckle piglets w/ myoclonia congenita
- detected in hearts of aborted or mummies
Brucellosis etiologic agent & signs
- brucella suis
- infertility common
- any type of repro failures
- abortions any time
- adults: lameness or paralysis
- old boars: orchitis
Dx and comments about brucellosis
- near eradication in US
- ZOONOTIC
- Dx: serologic tests
Non infectious causes of abortion
- szn, nutrition, environment, mgmt, congenital abnormalities, systemic diseases
Clin signs of farrowinf fevercomplex
- hard, painful udder
- slow birth
- constipation
- failure to pass placenta
- anorexia
- pyrexia
Tx for farrowing fever complex
- remove dead piglets & placenta
- abx
- NSAIDs
- Oxytocin
Post-partum issues
- metritis, mastitis, agalactica
- savaging
- anorexia
- constipation
- downer sow syndrome (fractures during birth/lameness)
- uterine/vaginal/rectal prolapse
Hypogalactica common causes:
- infectious causes
- hormonal imbalance
- poor nutrition
- mold
- toxins
- temperature
Agalactica is ______ while hypoglactica is ______
- uncommon; common
Neonatal care
- first 72 hrs: over 1/2 pre-weaning deaths occur
- lose body heat fast (102-104 degrees F is normal)
- make sure dry and warm
- newborns should stand 1-2 mins
- suckle within 15 mins
Prolonged parturition
- common in older sows
-piglets-> hypoxic
- sign: brownish-yellow stain from feces due to stress from long birth
Factors that cause prolonged parturition
- age
- access to food and water
- body weight of sow
- comfy environment
- calm area for farrowing
Colostrum
- give within 1st hour of birth
- IgG drops 50% in first hr
- split suckling (after largest piglets nurse, remove them and place in heated box for 1-2 hrs)
Stomach tubing
Give 10-15 mL to smaller piglets w/ stomach tube
(In right spot if they cry and swallow)
Collecting colostrum
- remove piglets from sow for hr
- give sow oxytocin
Splay legged piglets
- hind ligaments are relaxed
- cull if cant walk after 3 days
- tx: exercise and belt/brace
5 top causes of neonatal death
- stillbirth
- trauma
- chilling
- starvation
- diarrhea
