Camelids-Male Repro (PPT 1) Flashcards
Important details about male camelid repro tract (3)
- lack seminal vesicles
- small testes in perineal area
- sigmoid flexure cranial to scrotum
Sexual maturity of males
4-5 years
Breeding/BSE age
2-3 years
Spermatogenesis starts @
18 months
Penis should be free from prepuce at how old
2 yrs
Why is the cartilaginous tip of the penis so important in breeding?
Allows penis to open cervix during ejaculation
What are the main components of a breeding soundness exam in camelids?
Physical exam, external genitalia exam, semen collection and evaluation
What abnormalities are you looking for during the physical exam?
Possible hereditary/congenial issues, signs of contagious diseases, evaluate musculoskeletal system and vision
Types of possible congenital and hereditary abnormalities found during BSE
Heart murmur, crooked tail, polydactyly, syndactyly, blue eyes
Contagious diseases often found during BSE
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis & mange (chorioptic and sarcoptic)
What structures are included in the exam of the external genitalia?
Penis, prepuce, scrotum, testicles
When should the penile exam be conducted?
During mating test
Heavy sedation or general anesthesia should be used during what type of penile injuries?
Paraphimosis, abnormal preputial discharge, persistent frenulum
Paraphimosis definition
Inability for penis to come out
What abnormalities should you look for during a scrotal exam?
Evidence of trauma, lesions(dermatitis), edema
Visual exam of testicle evaluates what?
Testicular presence & symmetry
Normal findings during testicular palpation exam
Freely moveable in scrotum & smooth surface
List the 5 parts of a testicular/scrotal exam
Scrotum, visual testicular, palpation testicular, testicular measurements, testicular ultrasonography
Testicular measurement mehods
Calipers & ultrasonography
(Measure LxW)
Lesions are __ _____ ___ in testicular ultrasonography
Not always palpable
Normal findings of testicular ultrasonography
Homogenous parenchyma, hyperechoic rete testis
3 methods of collecting camelid semen
Post coital aspiration; electroejaculation, artificial vagina
Features of using the post coital aspiration method
Easy; need receptive female
Features of using electroejaculation
General anesthesia, need skills
What do you need to do to the animal if you are going to use an artificialvagina?
Train them on how to use it
Characteristics of camelid semen
- gray to white color
- very viscous
- not a lot of motility before dilution
What type of movement does camelid sperm have before liquefaction?
Oscillatory
What type of motility does camelid sperm have after liquefaction?
Progressive
What is liquefaction and name the 2 important compounds used
- an enzymatic tx
- papain & collagenase
What type of cells may you see while performing a semen morphology exam?
RBCs
T or F: a low # of sperm abnormalities are seen in breeding male camelids
False, a high number is seen
Common veterinary services and emergencies seen in camelid theriogenology
Castration, emergencies, infertility
Camelid emergencies
Differential dx of preputial swelling & scrotal/testicular enlargement
Types of infertility concerns seen
Congenital abnormalities, azoospermia, oligospermia, teratozoospermia
Appropriate age for castration in alpacas and llamas
Alpacas: 12-15mos
Llamas: 15-18 mos
Sx methods for alpaca castration
- general anesthesia
- xylazine, ketamine, butorphanol
Sx method for llamas
- standing
- butorphanol
Techniques used for camelid castrations
Similar to small animal/equine; anti-inflammatories; tetanus vx; antimicrobials optional
Complications assc w/ camelid castrations
- hemorrhage & infection (rare)
- older males can still have male behaviors and erections
Examination techniques for differential dx of preputial swelling
General anesthesia, palpation, ultrasound, radiographs
Common differentials for preputial swelling
Preputial prolapse, preputial adhesions/abscesses, trauma/hematoma, urolithiasis, urethral rupture
Prognosis for preputial adhesions/abscesses
Poor
Testicular disorders
Testicular degeneration, bilateral congenital testicular hyperplasia, rete testis cysts
Causes of infertility in male camelids
Testicular disorders, bilateral epididymal/vascular deferens aplasia
Causes of testicular degeneration
Heat stress(>30 degres celsius), fever, older than 9 y/o, wt loss, selenium, zinc, trauma/inflammation, chronic diseases
Location of testicular cysts usually
Between head of epididymis and testicle
(Intratesticular)
Hydrocele
Accumulation of fluid in vaginal cavity
Tx for hydrocele
Medical mgmt
Other tx for testicular enlargement
Unilateral castration
