reproductive disorders (FINISH it!!)

Question 1

Scrotum

Answer 1

skin: surface, painfulness, tempeture: scrotal dermatitis
content: scrotal hernia

Question 2

Testes, Epidydimis precastration exam)

Answer 2

location, size, shape, structure, surface, painfulness, symmetry, movability, consistency
localisation of testis, inguinal canal, abdomen
not descended: cryptochidism
orchitis: inflammation of testes
epididymitis: inflammation of epididymis
testicular neoplasms (SERTOLI CELL TUMOR)

Question 3

Penis:

Answer 3

shape, size, mucosa, painfulness, consistency, intactness of urethra

Question 4

Prepuce:

Answer 4

skin, mucosa, trauma. inflammation
orifice intactness size
preputial stenosis:: phimosis: inability to excrude penis
paraphimosis: inability to retract penis in prepuce
discharge; infection

Question 5

Prostate gland

Answer 5

Rectal digital palpation
location, size, shape, structure, surface, painfulness, symmetry, moveabilitym consitency
hypertrophy?
tumor?
abscess, cyst?

Question 6

vulva, perivulvar area

Answer 6

dermatitis, skin fold pyoderma
vulvar discharge: mucupurulent, haemopurulent
trauma. lesion, neoplasm

Question 7

vagina, vestibulum

Answer 7

mucosa surface, painfulness, consistency, deformities
inflammation, trauma, neoplasm
presence of fetus

Question 8

uterus, ovaries

Answer 8

only if enlarged, through abdomen

pyometra, mucometra
pregnancy
tumor

Question 9

mammary glands:

Answer 9

location, size, shape, skin, temperature, painfulness, structure, deformities, milk

pregnancy
pseudopregnancy
mastitis
mammary gland tumor

Question 10

Most common mammary gland tumors in dogs

Answer 10

sarcomas (four types), carcinosarcomas (mixed mammary tumors), or benign adenomas
most often benign mixed tumors!

Question 11

most common mammary gland tumors in cats

Answer 11

90% of mammary tumors in cats are malignant!!!!
mostly adenocarcinoma

Question 12

classification of tumors

Answer 12

based on the extent of the tumor, involvement of lymph nodes, and presence of metastatic lesions (TNM system); it includes unclassified tumors and apparently benign dysplasias

Question 13

Surgery of cryptorchids?

Question 14

Surgery of spay? describe

Question 15

hysterectomia describe

Question 16

How can we prevent mammary tumors?

Answer 16

Spaying dogs and cats before their first heat might decrease their chance of developing mammary tumors to under 1%, after their first heat to around 8%

Question 17

How can we diagnose prostate tumors?

Answer 17

irregularly shaped prostate gland with hyperechoic, heterogenous foci. Gross metastases are present at the time of diagnosis in >80% of dogs with prostatic carcinoma. The most common sites of metastases are the regional lymph nodes, lumbar vertebrae, and bony pelvis. Spread to distant sites (such as the lungs) is uncommon until late in the course of disease. Urethral obstruction caused by prostatic disease in dogs is highly suggestive of neoplasia, as is prostatomegaly in a previously castrated dog. Diagnosis is made by biopsy. Prostatic tumor markers used for human prostatic cancer, such as prostate-specific antigen or prostatic acid phosphatase, are not present in canine prostate glands