nervous system Flashcards
examination of propiocetpion, postural reactions
wheelbarrowing test
hopping test: on one leg; hemihopping
knuckling over test
placing reactions: tactile, visual (table )
extensor postural thrust reaction: when lowered to the ground an animal will detect an approaching surface and extend the limb towards it
classification of paralysis
by severity: paresis, paralysis
by affected klimbs: mono, tetra: all, paraparalysis: hind limbs, hemiparalysis
by muscle tone: spastic, atonic
by region: UMN, LMN
cranial nerves?? exam?
N. olfactorius
N. opticus: vision: pupillary light relfex, menace reflex, optical placing, falling cotton test, leading the animal to objects
N. oculomotorius; Anisocoria, Mydriases, miosis
Position of eyeballs: n. oculomotorius, n. trochlearis, n. abducens
n. trigeminus: Paralysis, tic: repeated contraction of chewing muscles - tic, trismus: tonic spasm of chewing muscles
N. trigeminus test
Corneal reflex, palpebral reflex: lateral and medial canthus
sagging jaw
N. facialis test;
threat reflex, palpebral reflex, corneal reflex, paralysis
- nose drawn to one side, sagging of upper eyelids, sagging of lids, sagging of ears
N. vestibulocchlearis:
calling, clapping outside of vision field - for hearing function test
exam of vestibular function of this nerve:
vestibular syndrome: ipsilateral head tilt, ipsilateral leaning and falling
nystagmus: mostly hoizontal, slow phase toward side of lesion
mental state uneffected
N. glossopharyngeus, N. vagus:
paralysis: swallowing problems, paralysis laryngealis - unilateral or bilateeral
swallowing of gag reflex test - with water
N. accessorius
Paralysis: sagging of head, atrophy of mucles on neck, shoulder
N. hypoglossus:
protrution and withdrawal of tongue after swallowing altered
Spinal reflexes evaluation
areflexia
hyporeflexia
normoreflexia
hyperreflexia
hyperreflexia with clonus
abnormal reflexes can be?
reflex irradiation: a reflex elicited in a larger area /muscle group then expected
contralateral reflex?
a reflex is elicited in response to a stimulus applied to the other side of the body
Proprioceptive reflexes to test
Extensor carpi radialis reflex
Triceps reflex
Biceps reflex
Pelvic limb reflexes: patellar reflex, achilles reflex
Nociceptive reflexes
Flexor reflex
perineal reflex
panniculus reflex
How to test extensor carpi radialis reflex
How to test triceps reflex
contraction of triceps leads to extension of elbow
SEE LECTURE
How to test biceps reflex
forefinger is placed on the tendon of the biceps muscle and the finger is struck
the tendon is directly struck
How to test patellar reflex
lightly strike the patellar tendon to produce contraction of the m. quadriceps
how to test achilles reflex
striking the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle
how to test flexor reflex
rapid should flexion followed by strong flexion of elbow, carpus, digits to to produce complete withdrawal of the limb
flexor reflex
is the animal able to flex each of the pevlic joints
perineal reflex
sphincter shoul dcontract
tail should lower itself
panniculus reflex
bilateral contraction of the cutaneuos trunci muscle induced by noxios stimulation at the level of L7
superficial pain?
pinching with hemostat, pricking iwth needle
Kyphosis
humobacked, dorsal vediation
lordosis
concave curvature of the spine, ventral deviation
scoliosis
lateral curvature of the spine
changes in behavior
increased reactivity
decreased reactivity
involuntary postures
involuntary movements
special behavior abnormabilites
classification of seizures
tonic
clonic
tonico clonic
generalized cerebral
focal cerebral
extracerebral
status epilepticus
