Gastrointestinal system

Question 1

What questions to ask a dog with GI problems?

Answer 1

eating, weight loss? picking up, chewing, swallowing
vomiting, regurgitation?
defecation? - posture, frequency, pain, tenesmus, incontinence
anus - observation palpation?
feces - quality, quantity: form, color, smell, consistency, abnormalities
distended abdomen (ascites)

Question 2

young dogs concerns:

Answer 2

infectious diseases - parvo, giardia etc

Question 3

older dogs concerns:

Answer 3

neoplastic disease, chronic enteropathy

Question 4

yorkshire terrier predisposition:

Answer 4

lymphangiectasia

Question 5

Signs of SI-disease

Answer 5

large, watery stool volume
rarely mucus
melena
sometimes fat or undigested food
rarely tenesmus
uncommon that it is urgent
frequency less then 3times
sometimes vomitus, sometimes flatulence
commonly chronic weight loss

Question 6

Signs of LI disease

Answer 6

small, dense stool volume
commonly mucus
fresh blood
absent fat, no undigested food
tenesmus common,
urgency common
more then 6 times a day
vomitus uncommon
no gas
rarely weightloss

Question 7

Teeth dog

Answer 7

3 1 4 2
3 1 4 3

Question 8

teeth cat

Answer 8

3 1 3 1
3 1 2 1

Question 9

Polyuria how much per day?

Answer 9

> 50ml/kg/day

Question 10

Polydipsia how much per day=

Answer 10

> 80-100ml/kg/day

Question 11

evaluation of kidney function laboratory parameters

Answer 11

Urea, Creatinine, SDMA
Clearance tests
Urinary Protein

specific gravity: tubular function
urine sediments - casts, cells, glycusoria, proteinuria - tubular function

Question 12

difference acute vs chronic kidney disease

Answer 12

acute:
Renal ischemia
Nephrotoxic compunds
infections
obstruction of urether
bacterial toxins, heavy metals, hypercalcemia, hypovolemia, hypotension, deep anaesthesia, nsaid, hyperthermia, sepsis, burns, trauma, thrombosis, transfusion reaction, hypercalcemia

Grade 1: non azotemic KI (<1.6mg/dl) <140mmol)
grade 2: 1.7 - 2.5mg/dl (1.7 - 2.5mg/dl) 141-220
grade 3: 2.6-5.0 mg/dl) 221 - 439
grade 4: 5.1 - 10 440 - 880
grade 5: >10mg/dl 880

azotemia, hemoconcentration, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia
glucosuria, proteinuria,

Question 13

Primary Polyuria

Answer 13

cenral diabetes insipidus
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
diabetes mellitus, osmotic diuretics

Question 14

primary polydipsia

Answer 14

phsychogenic
hyperthyroidism
hepatoencephalopathy
Hyperadrenocorticism
GI disease
fever
drugs

Question 15

differential diagnosis list of polyuria polydipsia

Answer 15

Hyperthyroidism
Hyperadrenocorticicsm
Hypoadrenocorticism
Diabetes mellitus
Acromegaly
Central Diabetes insipidus
Pyometra
Leptospirosis
Pyelonephritis
E.coli
Renal failure
Liver failure
PSS
Hypercalcemia
Hypokalemia
Hyponatremia
Furosemide, Corticosteroids, Phenobarbital, Mannitol
Diet: very low protein, very salty
GI disease, psychogenic PD, Polycythemia, primary nephrogenic DI, medullary washout, postobstructive diuresis

Question 16

most common causes PU/PD

Answer 16

dogs: CKD
Cushing
Diabetes mellitus

cats: CKD
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperthyroidism

Question 17

urine specific gravity range

Answer 17

> 1008 hypostenuria
1030 Hyperstenuria
1008-1012: isostenuria

Question 18

Hyperadrenocorticism in short

Answer 18

PU/PD, polyphagia, weight gain, alopecia, calcinosis cutis, pot belly, pica

stress leukogram, thrombocytosis, increase in ALT, ALKP, SIAP, Chol

UCCR for exclusion
US: enlarged adrenal glands
ACTH test, LDDST

Question 19

Cushings disease - differentiation

Answer 19

UCCR: urinary cortisol/creatinine ratio

Question 20

Chronic renal failure in short

Answer 20

anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, vomitus, PU/PD, uremic halithosis
lab increase in crea, urea, phosphate, US: echogenicity of the renal cortex
PU/PD at 66% loss of nephrons
crea - above 75% loss of nephrons
urine: proteinuria

Question 21

Diabetes mellitus short

Answer 21

PU/PD, polyphagia, weightloss, blindness - cataract, plantigrad posture
DKA: vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, systemic signs
Dg: Glucose high, fructosamine high
urine: USG > 1025, glucose, keton bodies

Question 22

Addison disease short

Answer 22

unspecific, waxing-waning signs, PU/PD, weakness, inappetence, dehydration, vomitus, diarrhea, bradycardia
hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, azotemia, metabolic acidosis, hypochloremia, eosinophilia, hypoglycemia, lymphocytosis
ACTH test - basal cortisol

fluid tx, fluodrocortison, prednisolon medication

Question 22

Addison disease short

Answer 22

unspecific, waxing-waning signs, PU/PD, weakness, inappetence, dehydration, vomitus, diarrhea, bradycardia
hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, azotemia, metabolic acidosis, hypochloremia, eosinophilia, hypoglycemia, lymphocytosis
ACTH test - basal cortisol

fluid tx, fluodrocortison, prednisolon medication