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Physiology of Reproduction > Reproductive Cycles > Flashcards

Reproductive Cycles Flashcards

1
Q

when does the reproductive cycle occur?

A

between periods of sexual receptivity (estrus or heat) and/or ovulations

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2
Q

types of reproductive cycles

A

estrous cycle (domestic animals)
menstrual cycle (primates)
ovulatory cycle (birds)

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3
Q

types of estrous cycles

A
  • Polyestrous
  • Seasonally polyestrous
  • monoestrus
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4
Q

polyestrous cycle

A
  • uniform distribution of estrous cycle throughout the year
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5
Q

seasonally polyestrous cycle

A

clusters of estrous cycle that occur only during a certain season of the year

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6
Q

monoestrus cycle

A

having only one cycle per year

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7
Q

phases of estrus cycle

A

follicular and luteal

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8
Q

follicular phase is characterized by

A

1) development of follicle
2) ovulation

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9
Q

luteal phase is characterized by

A

formation and function of corpus luteum

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10
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Estrous Cycle (4 steps)

A

1) Hypothalamus releases GnRH
2) Pituitary releases FSH and LH
3) Ovary releases estrogen and progesterone
4) Estrogen and progesterone enter reproductive tract

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11
Q

Describe the Events Ocurring During the Follicular Phase

A

1) steady release of GnRH from the tonic center of the hypothalamus
2) GnRH acts of gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins- FSH and LH
3) FSH and LH act on ovary, induce follicular development and maturation
4) Low level of estradiol from the follicle exerts negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary to reduce FSH secretion
5) High levels of estradiol exerts positive feedback on the surge center resulting in the preovulatory surge of LH

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12
Q

Ovulation is caused by ____ and results in ____

A

caused by: preovulatory surge of LH acting on the follicle

results in: rupture and release of oocyte

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13
Q

Events Occuring at Luteal Phase

A

1) Formationand maturation of corpus luteum
2) High progesterone (secreted by mature CL) suppress FSH and LH synthesis (negative feedback)
3) Regression of corpus luteum (luteolysis)
4) Progesterone secretion decreases

5) Release of negative feedback of progesterone on hypothalamus and pituitary

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14
Q

proestrus is _ begins when ___

A

Period before estrus
Begins when progesterone declines as a result of luteolysis/ destruction of the corpus lutem (from the previous estrus)

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15
Q

proestrus is characterized by ____ this is due to _____

A

shift from progesterone dominance to estradiol dominance, due to FSH and LH

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16
Q

During Proestrus, the increased secretion of _____ causes what changes?

A

The increased secretion of estradiol causes:
- ovulatory follicles to mature in preperation for ovulation
- reproductive system to prepare for estrus and mating

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17
Q

What is the most recognizable stage of the estrus cycle, characterized by visible behavioral symptoms such as sexual receptivity, female allows copulation?

A

estrus

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18
Q

What is the most dominant hormone during estrus?

A

estradiol, which both changes behavior and causes major physiological changes in reproductive tract

19
Q

Signs of estrus

A

increased locomotion, phonation (vocal expression), nervousness, attempts to mount other animals

20
Q

Standing estrus is the

A

willingness of female to accept male for mating

21
Q

Lordosis

A

characteristic arching of the back in preparation for mating

22
Q

During Metestrus

A

1) transition from estradiol dominance to **progesterone dominance **
2) ovulation (release of egg from ovaries)
3) Corpora lutea becomes fully functional (due to the cellular and structural remodeling of the ovarian follicle)

23
Q

Diestrus is the

A

Longest stage of the estrous cycle
and the period of maximum luteal function

24
Q

during diestrus

A
  • High progesterone secretion prompts the uterus to prepare a suitable environment for embryo implantation and successful pregnancy
  • Ends when the CL is lysed (luteolysis)
25
Q

diestrus is characteriszed by

A

the substained secretion of progesterone (high amounts of progesterone)

26
Q

the luteal phase includes

A

metestrus and diestrus

27
Q

what is the major ovarian structure of the follicular phase?

A

the follicle

28
Q

what is the major ovarian structure of the luteal phase?

A

the corpus luteum

29
Q

what is the major hormone of the follicular phase?

A

estradiol

30
Q

what is the major hormone of the luteal phase?

A

progesterone

31
Q

sexual receptivity occurs in what stage

A

the follicular phase, not the luteal

32
Q

Changes in OVIDUCT due to estradiol and progesterone

A

Estradiol
- Increase in: spontaneous muscular activity, fluid secretion, epithelial cell height
- Ciliation of epithelial cells

Progesterone
- Generally causes inactivity
- Epithelial cells regress and atrophy (decreased cell height and partial de-ciliation)
- Some mucous secretion

33
Q

Changes in UTERUS due to estradiol and progesterone

A

Estradiol
- Preparation for transport and survival of spermatozoa
- Congestion and edema of the uterine mucosa with mostly columnar epithelial cells
- increase in epithelial, glandular, and stromal cell division
- Sensitivity and amplitude of myometrial contractions (resulting in firm/erect uterus)
- Infiltration of leucocytes

Progesterone
- High progesterone prompts the uterus to prepare a suitable environment
- Reduced congestion and edema of the mucosa
- Increased cell differentiation and glandular secretions (Histotroph-Uterine milk)
- Flaccid uterus. Reduced myometrial tone (quiescence)
Infiltration of leukocytes reduced

34
Q

Changes in CERVIX due to Estradiol and Progesterone

A

Estradiol
- Relaxation of the cervical folds
- Congestion and edema
- Increased cell proliferation
- Increase in secretion of mucus through vulva

Progesterone
- Cervical canal tightly closed
- Reduced congestion and edema
- Increased cell differentiation
- Thick and tenacious mucus

35
Q

Changes in VAGINA due to estradiol and progesterone

A

Estradiol
Congestion and edema
Increased cell proliferation
Keratinization of the epithelium
Marked increase in the glandular secretion of the clear viscid mucus discharged through vulva

Progesterone
Reduced congestion and edema
Increased cell differentiation
Reduced keratinization
Reduced secretions

36
Q

long photoperoid leads to

A

low melatonin

37
Q

Transition from anestrus to cylicity in ewe (during breeding season) is due to

A
  • an increase in progesterone during the luteal phase of the estrus cycle
  • this enables the preovulatory GnRH surge
38
Q

in cats

A

the reproductive cycle continues unless there is mating, mating disrupts the cycle and is necessary for ovulation

39
Q

Vaginal Epithelial Changes in Bitch

A

Anestrus (A): vaginal epithelium is thin and underlying stroma is compact

Proestrus (P): vagina becomes thicker and cornified, stroma and smooth muscle also start to thicken and there is both stromal congestion and edema

Estrus (E): the vagina is thick and heavily cornified

Diestrus (D): vagina is much thinner (three to four cell layers) and loses its cornification

40
Q

high/low hormones during diestrus

A

peak progesterone
low estradiol, LH, and FSH

41
Q

high/low hormones during proestrus

A

progesterone decreasing
estradiol increasing
LH and FSH increasing

42
Q

high/low hormones during estrus

A

peak estradiol, LH, and FSH
low progesterone

43
Q

high/low hormones during metestrus

A

increasing progesterone
low estradiol, LH, and FSH

Physiology of Reproduction (8 decks)

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