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Physiology of Reproduction > Early Embryogenesis > Flashcards

Early Embryogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

embryo

A

organism in early stages of development

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2
Q

conceptus

A

product of conception

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3
Q

conceptus includes

A
  • embryo during early embryonic stage
  • embryo and extra embryonic membranes during preimplantation stage
  • fetus and placenta during post-attachment phase
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4
Q

Fetus

A

A potential offspring that is still within the uterus but is
generally recognizable as a member of a given species

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5
Q

mesoderm

A
  • surrounds the yolk sac and developing allantois
  • growing mesoderm pushes against trophectoderm to create the amniotic folds
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6
Q

allantois

A

collects embryonic wastes

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7
Q

purpose of amniotic fluid

A

protects embryo or fetus from mechanical perturbation or forces

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8
Q

amnion consists of

A

trophectoderm and mesoderm

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9
Q

yolk sac forms when

A

primative embryo completes growth

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10
Q

extraembryotic membranes of pre-attachment embryo consist of:

A
  • yolk sac
  • chorion
  • amnion
  • allantois
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11
Q

yolk sac develops from

A

primitive endoderm

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12
Q

chorion and amnion both develop from

A

trophoblast, primitive endoderm, and mesoderm

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13
Q

amnion develops from

A

trophoblast, primitive

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14
Q

conceptus expansion in cows/bovines occurs through

A

the continuous production
(hyperplasia) of trophoblasts

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15
Q

conceptus expansion in pigs occurs through

A

cellular reorganization and remodeling

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16
Q

purpose of conceptus expansion in pig

A

provides each
conceptus a mechanism to cover the uterine surface

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17
Q

purpose of conceptus expansion in bovines

A

permits the conceptus to
extend its placental membranes
throughout the uterus and block the
contralateral horn synthesis of
PGF2𝝰 to prevent luteolysis.

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18
Q

equine conceptus (in comparison to others)

A

remains spherical, doesn’t elongate

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19
Q

intrauterine migration and spacing occurs in

A

pig

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20
Q

purpose of intrauterine migration and spacing

A
  • to provide space for embryo development and placentation
  • to cover the endometrial surface
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21
Q

process of intrauterine migration and spacing

A
  • Embryos spend 2 to 3 days in the proximal portion of the uterine horns,
    before becoming more evenly distributed throughout the uterus.
  • Conceptuses migrate within and between the uterine horns to become
    regularly spaced within the uterus.
  • Establishment of pregnancy requires at least two embryos in each
    uterine horn
  • Modulated by peristaltic contractions of the myometrium stimulated by
    the developing conceptus
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22
Q

steps of conceptus expansion

A

1) spherical
2) tubular
3) filament

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23
Q

Shedding of the zona pellucida allows for

A

expansion of the spherical blastocyst,
after that time it may migrate and transition from a spherical to tubular and
filamentous form (domestic animals) or remain spherical prior to implantation
(mare, rodents, human)

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24
Q

Periods of Prenatal Development

A
  • Period of ovum or early embryo (culminates with attachment of blastocyst)
  • period of embryo (culminates with organogenesis)
  • period of fetus (cumulates with birth)
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25
cleavage
series of rapid cell divisions that result in the formation of morula
26
importance of conceptus Expansion in Bovines
allows conceptus to extend throughout uterus and thus block the synthesis of PGF2a in the contralateral horn (preventing luteolysis)
27
blastulation
process where the morula becomes a blastocyst
28
Gastrulation
Formation of germ layers – ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
29
Formation of the tube-within-a-tube body plan
embryonic folding
30
Organogenesis
the formation of organ rudiments and organ systems
31
dramatic growth of the conceptus is due to
development of extra embryonic membranes
32
extra embryonic membranes of pre-attachment embryo consist of
Yolk sac (develops from primitive endoderm) Chorion (develops from trophoblast, the primitive endoderm and mesoderm) Amnion (develops from trophoblast, the primitive endoderm and mesoderm) Allantois (a diverticulum of the hind gut)
33
During the pre-attachment period, the zone pellucida sheds and then...
the spherical blastocyst is able to expand so that it can either: - migrate to a tubular/filamentous form (domestic animals) - or remain spherical (mares rodents, humans) - or immediately implant within the uterine wall (rodents)
34
period between zona hatching and implantation in ruminants (cows and sheep/ewes)
1) zona hatching 2) CONCEPTUS ELONGATION 3) implantation
35
period between zona hatching and implantation in horses
1) zona hatching 2) **TRAN**SUTERINE MIGRATION 3) Implantation
36
period between zona hatching and implantation in pigs
1) hatching 2) **INTRA**UTERINE MIGRATION AND SPACING 3) CONCEPTUS ELONGATION 4) Implantation
37
During Symetric Cleavage (cell division) bastomeres...
bastomeres polarize along the axis of cell contact, forming: - outward, apical domains - inward facing basolateral domains
38
During Asymmetrical Cleavage (cell division) blastomeres...
blastomeres that divide **parellel** to the axis produce: 2 outside polar cells blastomers that divide **perpendicular** to the axis produce: one outside polar cell, and one non-polar inside cell
39
overall, asymetrical cell division (cleavage) produces...
two populations of cells: - outside, polar cells - inside, nonpolar cells
40
symmetric division occurs at
the 8 cell stage
41
assymetric division occurs during
- growth between 8-16 cells - growth between 16-32 cells
42
compaction is
an increase in intracellular adhesion
43
process of compaction
bastomeres flatten upon each other to maximize their baso-lateral contact areas
44
the process of polarization leads to
the formation of two distinct domains within the cell: apical—enriched with polarity-related proteins, microvilli, dynamic microtubules, and actin; and baso-lateral where more stable acetylated microtubules are localized
45
define zygotic genome activation
Transcription of mRNA coded by the zygotic genome, so essentially **the transition from maternal to zygotic transcripts**
46
Morula
solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilized ovum, and from which a blastula is formed
47
cells on outside of developing embryo contribute to
trophectoderm
48
cells on inside of embryo contribute to
inner cell mass
49
Roles of Oviduct in Embryo Development
- Protection - Cleavage and Development - Transport - Nutrients - Epigenetic Regulation
50
action of estrogen in oviduct
increased: fluid volume and cillilary activity, muscle contraction= **promotes embryo transport**
51
Progesterone in Oviduct
decreased: fluid volume, cilliary acivity, muscle relaxation= **decreases embryo transport**
52
histology of uterus
1) serosa 2) mucularis 3) endometrium
53
Functions of the Uterus
1) sperm transport 2) sperm reservior 3) luteolysis 4) embryo nourishment 5) embryo implantation 6) placentation 7) gestation 8) parturition
54
PGF2a produced by
uterus, to lyse CL
55
Histotroph
**Endometrial glands that produce**/or selectively transport a complex array of proteins and related **substances** such as: (enzymes, growth factors, cytokines, lymphokines, hormones, transport proteins, sugars, amino acids, water, and other nutrients) **that affect trophectoderm development and function**
56
Blastulation
The process by which the morula becomes a blastocyst which is characterized by having a fluid-filled cavity called the blastocoel * Formation of cell junctions: Tight junctions form between the outer cells of the morula; Gap junctions form between the inner cells * Formation of the blastocoele * Segregation of cell lineages
57
Blastocoel Formation
Cavitation: Microlumens are formed in the intercellular spaces within the embryo by exocytosis of vesicles or vacuoles from the basal membrane of the outer cells. Sodium ions are actively transported across the outer cell layer through transmembrane pumps. The differential sodium ion concentration generates an osmotic gradient that enables fluid to be pumped into the embryo, enlarging and coalescing the microlumens into a single cavity.
58
Segregation of Cell Lineages
Key stage during which major cell lineages of the embryo and its extraembryonic membranes are formed
59
Steps invovled in segregating cell lineages
The first lineage decision: segregation of the trophectoderm (teal color) and inner cell mass (tan color) The second lineage decision: segregation of inner cell mass into primitive endoderm/hypoblast (red) and epiblast (yellow)
60

Physiology of Reproduction (8 decks)

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