Gestation

Question 1

define gestation

Answer 1

the length of time that a female is pregnant or experiencing intrauterine development
or- the act of being carried

Question 2

the length of gestation can be modified by

Answer 2

• maternal factors (age)
• fetal factors (litter size, sex of fetus)
• genetic factors (species, breed)
• enviornmental factors (nutrition, temp. season)

Question 3

changes in mammary glands during pregnancy

Answer 3

growth and development

Question 4

cardiovascular changes during pregnancy

Answer 4

increased heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, decrease in vascular resistance

Question 5

urinary changes during pregnancy

Answer 5

increased blood flow to kidneys, increased glomerular filtration rate

Question 6

changes in ovary during pregnancy

Answer 6

• persistence of CL
• suspension of ovarian cycle
  in Mares: acessory CL forms, regression of both the primary and accessory CL by the 7th month

Question 7

changes in MARE ovary during pregnancy

Answer 7

• formation of the accessory CL
• regression of primary and accessory CL by the 7th month

Question 8

changes in uterus during pregnancy

Answer 8

• growth and remodeling to accommodate the growing fetus
• hyperplasia and hypertorphy of myometrial smooth muscle cells
• myometrial quiescence (inactivity)
• changes in shape and location

Question 9

changes in cervix during pregnancy

Answer 9

• canal closes/formation of mucus plug or cervical seal
• remodeling

Question 10

changes in vagina during pregnancy

Answer 10

Edematous and vascular

Question 11

changes in pelvic ligaments during pregnancy

Answer 11

gradual relaxation

Question 12

in cows and mares, the uterus

Answer 12

rests on the abdominal floor beneath the intestines
after the fourth or fifth month of gestation

Question 13

the uterus in ruminants is

Answer 13

usually located in the right side of the abdomen
because the left side contains the rumen.

Question 14

during the last month of gestation in cows

Answer 14

the nose and the forefeet of the fetus,
together with the enveloping uterine wall
and fetal membranes, may **enter the pelvic
cavity **and extend caudally over the cervix. 8

Question 15

theories to explain the surivival of the fetus (as an allograft) during pregnancy

Answer 15

• immunosuppression
• bocking antibody
• reduced antigenicity
• temporary tolerance

Question 16

fetal programming is defined as

Answer 16

The response to a specific challenge to the mammalian
organism during a critical developmental time window that alters
the trajectory of development qualitatively, quantitatively, or
both, with resulting persistent effects
* The concept that a maternal stimulus or insult at a critical period
in fetal development has long-term effects on the offspring

Question 17

maternofetal stress during gestatioun can cause

Answer 17

increased death loss, low birth weight, inefficient growth, and aberrant metabolism

Question 18

the fetus is norished by

Answer 18

• maternal circulation across the placenta (mainly glucose)
• Towards term gestation, the fetus accumulates
  glycogen in its liver and skeletal muscles to assist it in
  overcoming the transitional period after birth until
  efficient suckling is established

Question 18

the early embryo and blastocyst are nourished by

Answer 18

oviductal
and endometrial fluid