Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Path midterm 2 > reproductive cancer > Flashcards

reproductive cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what signs and symptoms does malignant neoplasia produce?

A

Malignant neoplasia produces the same signs and symptoms associated with cancers in other bodily systems: tissue destruction, obstruction, invasiveness, loss of function, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where can neoplasia in the reproductive system present?

A

anywhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are benign changes that can occur in women called?

A

fibrocystic changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are fibrocystic changes?

A

It is one of the most common non-proliferative type of lesion that occurs in the breast,
- increase in the number or the formation of cysts and fibrous tissue in the breast itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

risk factors for fibrocystic changes?

A
  • hormonal changes
  • genetics
  • # of preggo
  • breastfed or not
  • diet (caffeine)
  • exposure to exogenous hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

manifestations of fibrocystic?

A

The manifestations tend to wax and wane with the hormonal cycle. So a women tends to experience lumpy, bumpy, very tender breasts, and even sometimes some nipple discharges during certain parts of the menstrual cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

statistics for breast cancer?

A
  • 2nd leading cause of death by cancer (women)
  • 1 in 9 will be diagnosed
  • 1 in 30 will die
  • 1 in 3 men will die from it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

risk factors of breast cancer?

A
  • obesity
  • physical inactivity
  • alcohol
  • heredity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

heredity of breast cancer?

A

Heredity: they have identified some mutated DNA on the chromosomes of women who have many family members who have breast cancer and this is called BRCA1 mutated factor on chromosome number 17 and BRCA2 on chromosome number 13.
-Also exposure to radiation of the chest wall, perhaps for treatment, perhaps for lung cancer or other disorders. Males tend to have the BRCA2 type of mutation on chromosome 13 as well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

reproductive and hormonal factors for risk of breast cancer?

A

The older the women is at the time of the first birth of her child, the earlier she went through menarche (or her first period), and the later at which she experienced menopause.

  • the longer she has been exposed to hormonal menstrual cycle
  • Irregular periods, use of birth control, and combined hormone replacement therapy ( take combined estrogen and progesterone hormone replacement therapy), increased age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

age risk factors for breast cancer?

A

As far as risk factors associated with breast cancer in men, gynecomastia, or increased breast tissue in men is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. The older a person is, usually breast cancer in men is diagnosed after age 60.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pathogenesis associated with breast cancer?

A

About 70%, or most of the breast cancers will arise from the epithelial cells of the mammary ducts, so they arise from the ducts in the breast tissue. They don’t tend to grow really large but they do metastasize relatively quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is thought to be in part responsible for the alterations in cells and the dysplasia that eventually occurs.

A

estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

possible locations of breast cancer?

A

majority of the tumours of breast cancer are in the upper, outer quadrant of the breast and they spread via the lymphatic chains to the opposite breast, to the bones, to the pelvis, the lungs, the liver.
They can also metastasize to the adrenal glands, the pituitary, and the ovaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

first sign of breast cancer?

A

The first sign is usually a painless lump, most commonly in the upper, outer quadrant of the breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

manifestations of breast cancer?

A

lump
skin dimpling
changes in texture or skin color
-asymmetry or lifting of breast
-changes in nipple, pulling in of nipple
-clear or bloody fluid coming out of nipple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

description of dimpling?

A

It can also be associated with dimpling of the skin, sometimes called peau d’orange. So if you take an orange and if you look at the appearance of the orange, that’s what it looks like -little pits and dents in it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

diagnosis of breast cancer? prevention?

A

In terms of the diagnosis, breast self-examination and mammography are 2 secondary prevention methods that have been taught and encouraged in women.

  • ultrasound
  • mammogram
  • only definitive diagnosis is biopsy, and that involves taking part of the tumour and looking at it under the microscope to see if the cells have undergone anaplasia.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

tx of breast cancer?

A

Surgery might be simply removal of the tumor itself if it is localized and that’s called a lumpectomy.
Or removing the entire breast, lymph nodes and supportive structures and that’s called a radical mastectomy.
Usually there will probably be radiation and/or chemotherapy that follows the surgery and as well, some people will have some hormonal therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does advanced breast cancer look like?

A

very destructive
invaded the skin and destroyed that structure. It looks at the back, like it has invaded the lymph nodes and you see widespread destruction of tissue.
-can be different: inflammatory breast cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is inflammatory breast cancer?

A

-rare but aggressive cancer that develops rapidly -breast look very red and swollen and very tender -Usually the lump is absent.
-breast appears normal until the tumour cells invade and block the lymphatic vessels.
-This causes fluid back up and swelling and discoloration.
Often confused with a breast infection
-Accounts for 1-6% of all breast cancers
-survival rates is not as good as for other forms of breast cancer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

symptoms of male breast cancer?

A

very similar with cancer in the female breast
There can be a lump, can some discharge from the nipple,
the nipple may become inverted or misshapen,
there are open infected sores that don’t heal, and it affect the axilla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

dysplasia and cancer of the cervix prevelance?

A
  • 1 in 8 women will have some degree of cervical cell dysplasia by the time they reach the age of 20.
  • Cancer of the cervix is relatively easily treated and cured if it is diagnosed early.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

precursor to the development of dysplasia and cervical cancer?

A

The human papilloma virus is a necessary precursor to the development of dysplasia and cervical cancer.

25
Q

risk factors associated with the development of dysplasia and cancer include

A

-sex before the age of 16 (the cells that line the cervix are not fully mature at this point and are particularly vulnerable to the effects of HPV)
Multiple sexual partners,
-smoking and poor nutrition.

26
Q

diagnosis of cervical cancer and dysplasia?

A

Pap smear will detect early signs of changes in the cells of the cervix.
Biopsy again is the only definitive type of diagnosis.

27
Q

what does cervical cancer look like?

A

. The shiny, whitish looking discoloration on the cervix are the first signs of changes in the development of cervical cancer.

28
Q

speed of cervical cancer development?

A

This is actually a really slow-growing type of cancer and it normally takes 10-12 years before it changes from dysplasia to invasive type of cancer. That is why it can be cured if it is diagnosed early.

29
Q

what are polyps

A

benign changes which are called polyps, masses of endometrial glands, stroma, and blood vessels.
They can often be mistaken for adenocarcinoma, however they are usually located in the fundus of the uterus, or right at the top of the uterus
-cause heavy menstrual flow and bleeding between periods.
-They tend to occur as you can tell by the age ranges, close to menopause or close to the menopausal stage of a woman’s life.

30
Q

what is endometrial cancer

A

Endometrial cancer – most common cancer of the uterus originating form the epithelial cells which form the endometrial glands – adenocarcinoma

31
Q

most common cause of gynecological cancer in women?

A

Endometrial cancer
and it originates from the epithelial cells which form the endometrial gland and therefore it is called an adenocarcinoma

32
Q

risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

Age-60 years of age.

  • Caucasians than Blacks, and women
  • obese, who consume a high fat diet, or who are from a higher socioeconomic status tend to have a higher incidence of this type of cancer.
  • Women who are infertile or who have had no pregnancies, who have had early menarche or late menopause are also at increased risk.
  • diabetes mellitus
33
Q

manifestations?

A

include painless abnormal bleeding, or persistent irregular bleeding, especially in obese women.
Later on, as the cancer progresses and starts to invade, there can be cramping, pelvic discomfort, and also enlarged lymph nodes

34
Q

diagnosis of endometrial cancer?

A

The diagnosis again involves biopsy. They can use ultrasound, some blood work, as well as x-rays to see if it has metastasized to other areas of the body.

35
Q

tx of endometrial cancer?

A
  • surgery, either an endometrial ablation which removes just the lining of the uterus, or a hysterectomy which is the complete removal of the uterus.
  • Radiation and chemotherapy
36
Q

malignant risk of benign ovarian tumors?

A

Benign tumours of the ovaries actually provide fairly low malignant risk.

37
Q

how does hormonal imbalance affect ovarian cancer?

A

There is usually . an increase in the numbers of these cysts and tumours around puberty and again around menopause, therefore they are probably related to some degree of hormonal imbalance.

38
Q

signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer?

A

-signs and symptoms are very few
-asymptomatic unless the size increases the person’s abdominal girth.
Occasionally these cysts produce estrogen or androgens and therefore you might see some signs and symptoms associated with increased hormonal secretion.

39
Q

which cancer is the silent killer?

A

Ovarian cancer
it is the second most common reproductive cancer in women and it is the most lethal.
It is really deadly because the manifestations are very few until the cancer has metastasized, and by that time it is very difficult to treat this cancer if not impossible

40
Q

risk factors of ovarian cancer?

A

incidence increases with ages 65-84.

  • family history of ovarian cancer,
  • the length of time a woman’s ovarian cycle has not been suppressed by pregnancy, lactation or birth control pill.
  • For example in countries where women have multiple children, there is a much lower rate of ovarian cancer because the ovarian cycles have been stopped during pregnancy and breast feeding.
41
Q

signs and symptoms of ovarian cancer?

A

often very vague: GI manifestations such as nausea and vomiting, some bowel changes.
There might be some abnormal vaginal bleeding.
As the tumour grows and invades, there might be a feeling of pressure in the pelvis and in the legs.

42
Q

what is benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

the gland increases in size due mostly to an increase in the number of cells that make up the prostate gland.

  • causes hypertrophy
  • becomes problematic as the urethra is compressed by the growing gland.
  • as prostate gland grows bigger, it squeezes on the urethra itself and can cause urinary tract obstruction.
  • BPH is a very common condition
43
Q

risk factors for BPH?

A
  • age
  • family history
  • high fat diet
  • ethnicity (Africa Americans, and the lowest rate in the world is amongst Japanese men)
  • Hormonal imbalances- imbalance in the testosterone:estrogen ratios (occurs with age)
  • Gonadatropin, and growth factors are other hormones
  • smoking
44
Q

pathophysiology of BPH?

A

-BPH starts around the age of 40-45 and it grows slowly until a man dies. It begins usually in the inner layers of the prostate gland, forming nodules and therefore it is often referred to as nodular hyperplasia

45
Q

signs and symptoms of BPH?

A
  • urinary frequency, hesitancy (it’s hard to start the urinary flow)
  • bear down in order to start the flow of urine.
  • There is also a decreased force in the flow itself, so a person extends to dribble instead of having a constant flow of urine.
  • overflow incontinence
  • back flow of urine into the ureters so you end up with hydroureters and increased UTI’s
46
Q

risk factors of prostate cancer?

A

Age -#1
-high fat diet - It seems that increased fat diet alters the production of hormones, which increase the growth of cells and therefore increases the risk of cancer.

47
Q

patho of prostate cancer?

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • environmental factors
  • androgens act as a strong tumour promoter by androgen-receptor mediated mechanisms. This enhances the weak but continuous carcinogenic effects of estradiol and it enhances the growth of cells and eventually you end up with a cancerous tumour. This tumour will invade and metastasize to the lymph nodes, the bones, the lungs, and the liver.
48
Q

signs and symptoms of prostate cancer?

A
  • asymptomatic until it is quite far advanced, and again the first symptoms are urinary in nature.
  • might be, some rectal obstruction, and if the tumour has metastasized to the bone, the person will experience some bone pain.
49
Q

diagnostic tests for prostate cancer?

A
  • digital rectal exam.
  • Men over the age of 45-50 should have digital rectal examinations done on a regular basis.
  • trans-rectal ultrasound or TRUS. An ultrasound probe is put into the rectum and the actual size of the prostate can be determined on ultrasound.
  • CT, MRI.
50
Q

secondary prevention test for prostate cancer?

A
  • prostate specific antigen, or PSA test.
  • This is a blood test that measure PSA
  • as the prostate grows, PSA will increase.
  • If the PSA level changes are very slow or gradual it might just indicate that there is benign prostatic hyperplasia, however if the levels start to increase drastically and quickly it might be a sign of malignancy.
51
Q

what can cancer and cancer tx of the prostate case

A

Both the cancer and the treatment of prostatic cancer can lead to sexual dysfunction

52
Q

what is watching and waiting for tx of prostate?

A

Basically with this method, they watch and they wait, and PSA levels are monitored very closely and if they are just staying the same, or are only going up very slowly, they will just continue to watch and wait. If there is a large increase, then they will likely do some more vigorous interventions.

53
Q

what is cryotherapy

A

they will put in some liquid ice and actually freeze the tumour and the tissue itself and they will destroy it. This is done with the aid of trans-rectal ultrasound.

54
Q

what is brachytherapy

A

Here they will implant some little radioactive seeds into the tumour and into the prostate gland, again with the assistance of the trans-rectal ultrasound. The radiation will then destroy the tumour. They’ve had some very good success with that particular type of therapy.

55
Q

chemotherapy and hormone therapy for prostate cancer?

A

Chemotherapy and hormonal therapy is also used and the prognosis of surviving this kind of cancer is improving greatly. 85% of cancers are now found in local or regional states and for those types of cancers, the 5-year survival rate is almost 100%.

56
Q

what is trans-urethral prostatic resection, or TURP?

A

the prostate gland is accessed through the urethra, so a probe is put through the urethra. As you can see in the image, there is a knife-like / scalpel-like device, which will cut away and remove the tumour and the glandular tissue inside of the prostate.

57
Q

possible complications of TURP?

A 
Infection 
Blood clots
Scarring of the urethra 
Bleeding
Erectile dysfunction (rare) 
Absorption of fluid during the procedure (TURP syndrome)
   Permanent incontinence (very rare)
58
Q

other surgical options for prostate cancer?

A

The other method of surgery is to access the prostate through the perineum. This one is more invasive and is associated with more adverse effects. Some of the complications involve infection, the tissue is very vascular and so blood clots, hemorrhaging and bleeding can occur.

Path midterm 2 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions