Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Path midterm 2 > gastro 18/19 > Flashcards

gastro 18/19 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some manifestations of GI dysfunction?

A 
anorexia 
nausea 
vomiting (projectile) 
Abdominal pain 
changes is bowel sounds 
constipation 
diarrhea 
GI bleeding (upper and lower) 
Jaundice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does black tarry feces indicate?

A

melena: distinctive, fowl odor
- seen when bleeding is in duodenum, through small bowel and large bowel, profuse amount of bleeding
- some cancers can cause this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is jaundice?

A
  • caused by increased amount of bilirubin
  • yellow discoloration of skin, mucous membranes, sclerae
  • will see this when there is liver failure, gallstones, and excessive breakdown is RBS (hemolytic newborn, sickle cell, transfusion reaction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is obesity associated with?

A

the first leading cause of death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is central obesity?

A
  • the abdomen
  • visceral fat that surrounds organs
  • abdominal obesity =higher risk of disease and illness compared to ppl who have fat around hips. abdominal is dangerous because it is deeper and sounds organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

risk factors associated with obesity?

A
  • atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetic (2) and cancer
  • is linked to hypertension and stroke
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are two congenital structure anomalies in children?

prevalence?

A

-esophageal atresia
-tracheoesophageal fistula
one in ever 3000 births

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is esophageal atresia?

A
  • means there is a dead end, something that should carry through that stops
  • condition in which the esophagus end in a blind punch that does connect with the stomach, it just ends
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is tracheoesophageal fistula?

A
  • connects between two structures that should not connect
  • abnormal connection between the trachea and the esophagus
  • abdominal fetal development around 6 weeks- when spilt is supposed to happen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

risk factors for congenital structure anomalies in children

A
  • sometimes happens without reason

- alcohol, smoking, diabetes, older maternal age, mom exposed to infectious disease, exposure to insecticides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

manifestations of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula?

A

-excessive drooling (does get passed down to GI system)
vomiting after meal
choking, coughing (food going into lungs)
-milk return through mouth and nose
abdominal distention
cyanosis
aspiration of stomach contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

complications of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula?

A
  • failure to gain weight
  • repetitive pneumonia -lung infections
  • requires surgical repair after birth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the two gastrointestinal obstructions?

A

-functional obstruction: more usual, loss of function, paralysis of tube, ends up having same result If something was physically blocking tube
-mechanical obstruction: structures, physical things that block something passing through a tube
both = obstructed tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

result of GI obstruction?

A
  • area above obstruction distends, is ischemic, gas and fluid accumulation
  • loss of function below, distension above obstruction
  • compresses and squeezed blood vessel of lumen of gut and can lead to ischemia and necrosis of gut
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are some examples of functional obstruction?

A

1) paralytic ileus: paralyzed ileum. occurs after bowel surgery, caused absent bowel sounds
leakage of bail can also cause this

2) Hirschsprung disease: will require surgery
- congenital- born with defective rest and digest NS
- aganglionic: absence of ganglion to bowel, altered NS
- Megacolon (means big colon, due ot lacking PNS, causes distended abdomen).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are some examples of Mechanical obstruction?

A
  • pyloric stenosis
  • Volvulus (twisted bowel)
  • Intussusception
  • hernias
  • impacted feces
  • tumors
  • most will require surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is Volvulus

A

(twisted bowel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is pyloric stenosis

A
  • narrowing of pyrosis stenosis

- this is the opening into the intestine after the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is Intussusception

A

small bowel goes into colon and then folds back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

symptoms of bowel obstructions?

A
  • regardless of cause:
  • nausea and vomiting
  • cramping abdomen (colicky)
  • distension
  • dehydration
  • perforation
  • necrosis
  • sepsis - dead bowel = HIGH risk of infecc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does neoplasia of the GI tract include?

A

cancer at any location:

  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • colon and rectum
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

incidence of colon cancer?

A

common in developed counties

  • second leading cause of death by cancer in men
  • is more common in men
  • third leading cause of cancer in women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

risk factors for colon cancer?

A 
the longer we live, the more mutations we have, the higher the risk 
-increases with age 
-heredity 
diet (high fat low fiber) 
-smoking 
obesity 
high alcohol consumption
ulcerative colitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

mortality rate for colon cancer?

A

5 year survival is around 90% if found early

on average: 70-90%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

manifestations of colon cancer?

A
  • pain in most locations
  • changes in bowel habits (poos are skinner- passing obstruction)
  • blood in poo
  • anemia
  • rectal discomfort and pain
  • regardless of cancer: main manifestations are fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

tx of colon cancer?

A

surgical resection
surgical removal
chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

cancer of the pancreas incidence?

A

increases with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cancer of pancreas mortality rate?

A

almost 100%

-diagnosis are often too late

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

risk factors to pancreas cancer?

A

-smoking, obesity, pancreatitis, diabetes

30
Q

manifestations of pancreas cancer?

A
  • non or very little

- symptoms occur late in this cancer which is why mortality is high

31
Q

what is Gastroesophageal reflux disease? (NOT GERD)

A
  • inflammation of the esophagus
  • repeated acid in esophagus
  • occasional
  • chronic, more severe form of reflux / heartburn is GERD
32
Q

risk factors for Gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A

-age (older= weaker esophageal schinter)
-drugs, nicotine, alcohol
hiatal hernia, which is the budging above the diaphragm, acid can easily go up into the esophagus because it loosens schincter
-increased abdominal pressure (obesity, preggo)

33
Q

what is gastritis?

A
  • inflammatory disorder of the mucosa of the stomach
  • acute is more common
  • chronic (autoimmune disorder)
34
Q

manifestations of gastritis?

A

anorexia, pain
fullness
nausea, vomiting
bleeding

35
Q

complications of gastritis?

A
  • pernicious anemia (unable to absorb B12 because intrinsic factor which comes from lining of stomach is lessened
  • gastric carcinoma= chronic inflammation of stomach is linked to cancer
  • peptic ulcer
36
Q

what is peptic ulcer disease?

A

a breakdown or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum

  • inflammation to the point where a hole is present in the stomach or duodenum
  • there can be single or multiple
  • depth varies
37
Q

risk factors for peptic ulcer disease?

A
  • NSAID’s
  • alcohol
  • smoking
  • age
38
Q

incidence of peptic ulcer disease?

A

10% of ppl will have this at some point in their life

39
Q

complications of peptic ulcer disease?

A
  • bleeding

- possible perforation (hole all the way through)

40
Q

what is a stress ulcer?

A
  • a type of peptic ulcer that is related to severe illness, neural injury, or systemic trauma
    1) ischemia ulcers
    2) cushing ulcers: with severe head injury or brain surgery
    3) curling ulcers: associated with burn injuries
41
Q

what are the inflammatory disorders of the bowel?

A

diverticulitis

inflammatory bowel disease

42
Q

what is diverticulitis?

A
  • inflammation of teh diverticula in the sigmoid colon
  • diverticulae are little pouches that protrude from the colon (make the colon lump, in its natural state)
  • prone to getting fecal matter caught up at the entry point of inside them
43
Q

complications of diverticulitis?

A
  • they can rupture an cause fistula or inflammation

- reduce chance of complications by increasing fiber in diet

44
Q

what is inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  • chronic, relapsing and remitting patter of inflammatory bowel disorders
  • types: crohns disease and ulcerative colitis
45
Q

incidence of inflammatory bowel disease

A

one in every 150 ppl

46
Q

causes of inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  • genetics

- abnormal T cell response

47
Q

manifestations of UC and crohns?

A

crampy pain
frequent diarrhea
-pattern of remission and exacerbations

48
Q

what is crohns disease?

A

layers of bowel is inflamed - through entire intestinal wall
-occurs in patches
pain is worse in crohns

49
Q

manifestations of crohns?

A 
diarrhea 
pattern of relapse 
crampy pain 
malabsorption 
weight loss
50
Q

complications of Crohns?

A
  • Malabsorption of B12-percious anemia

- Fistula (passing of fecal matter through the skin)

51
Q

what is ulcerative colitis?

A

affects the large intestine, not the small
-pattern of inflammation is different
-inflammation is continuous
inflammation with pinpoint areas of bleeding
-doesnt affect all the way through the colon, do fistulas dont occur
only affects MUCOSA

52
Q

manifestations of ulcerative colitis?

A

pain
diarrhea (profound, sometimes 20 per day
-patter of relapse
-interruption of lifestyle
-poor absorption of water so loss of function and person will become dehydrates

53
Q

Tx of both inflammatory bowel disease?

A
  • anti-inflammatory/ anti-immune meds

- surgery

54
Q

what is cholecystisis

A

inflammation of the gallbladder

-gallstones obstruct cystic duct

55
Q

what is gallstone cholelithiasis?

A
  • prevalent in developed countries

- caused by abnormalities in bile composition, bile statis, and inflammation of gallbladder

56
Q

risk factors for gallstone cholelithiasis?

A
  • female
  • forty or older
  • overweight
  • preggo
  • Indian (FN)
57
Q

manifestations of cholecystisis?

A

-RUQ pain
-pain that is in a pattern and is intense than eases
-food intolerance (fatty foods)
heartburn

58
Q

tx of cholecystisis?

A

-prevention
pain managment
antibiotics
removal of gall bladder

59
Q

what is pancreatitis?

A
  • acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas
  • obstruction of pancreas ducts
  • causes the pancreas enzymes to start digestive the duct behind the obstruction
60
Q

what is pancreatitis associated with?

A
  • gallstones
  • heavy intake of alcohol
  • peptic ulcers
  • trauma
  • drugs
61
Q

what is chronic pancreatitis associated with ?

A
  • chronic alcohol abuse and smoking
  • linked to pancreatic cancer
  • causes scarring, strictures, and cysts
62
Q

what is hepatisis?

A
  • inflammation of the liver
  • occurs due to exposure to drugs and chemicals
  • can have viral causes
63
Q

what is viral hepatisis?

A

systemic viral disease that primarily affects the liver

  • vaccines are available
  • hepatisis A,B,C,D, and E
  • the sequence (speed through stages is difference fro each type)
64
Q

what is the 1) prodromal phase of hepatitis?

A

fatigue, anorexia, nausea

65
Q

what is the 2) icteric phase or hepatitis?

A

jaundice, dark urine

-itchiness

66
Q

what is 3) recovery phase of hepatitis?

A

-quick, tend of have full recovery in most cases expect chronic

67
Q

what is cirrhosis?

A
  • end stage of chronic liver disease
  • due to hepatitis
  • much of the liver is replaced by fatty deposits and eventually degeneration
  • diffuse scarring
  • death of liver cells
68
Q

consequences of cirrhosis of liver?

A
  • portal hypertension
  • ascites
  • jaundice
69
Q

what is portal hypertension?

A
  • abnormally high bp in the portal venous system
  • the portal venous system is a big vein that drain into the liver
  • it drains from the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and then goes to the liver to be filtered.

-hypertension in this vein is because of liver failure or scarring of liver

70
Q

what can portal hypertension lead to?

A
  • back pressure cases congestion of ALL the veins
  • can cause esophageal varices -distended vein in the esophagus
  • ascites
  • hemorrhoids
  • complications are potentially life threatening
71
Q

what is ascites?

A
  • accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
  • caused by high blood pressure than pushed albumin (made my liver -is a plasma protein) into the abdomen
  • will need to drain and fix liver

Path midterm 2 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions