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Path midterm 2 > MSK 20/21 > Flashcards

MSK 20/21 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a strain?

A

tendon

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2
Q

what is a sprain?

A

ligaments

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3
Q

what is a occult fracture?

A

-a hidden fracture- can happen on hip

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4
Q

what is an open (compound) fracture?

A

-open to environment

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5
Q

what is a pathological fracture?

A

-related to another disease

ex, bone cancer

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6
Q

what is a comminuted fracture

A

segmented, pieces

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7
Q

what is an oblique fracture?

A

-angle fracture

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8
Q

what is a spinal fracture?

A
  • a twist

- a spiral fracture

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9
Q

what is a transverse fracture?

A

-straight across

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10
Q

what is a greenstick fracture

A

-a partial fracture

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11
Q

what a impacted (compression)

A

-one part of bone smashes and is driven up into other part of the bone

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12
Q

bone fractures from sport activities?

A

-humerus, tibia, clavicle

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13
Q

bone fractures from falls?

A

-tend to be hip, pelvis, and wrist

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14
Q

bore fracture from work?

A

-hand and feet

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15
Q

what can happen if the soft callus (early stage) is interrupted?

A

-can completely stop or slow down healing process (very fragile stage)

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16
Q

what is bone remodelling?

A

-scar tissue is overproduced and the bone will eventually shrink back down in the bone remodeling stage

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17
Q

factors affecting healing time?

A
  • age
  • type of fracture
  • medications (corticosteroids)
  • other diseases
  • Nutrition
  • smoking
  • immobility
  • circulation
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18
Q

What is malunion?

A

-does heal in alignment

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19
Q

What is delayed union?

A

-slowed healing (not healed over 8 month)

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20
Q

what is non-union?

A

-does heal even after a significant amount of time

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21
Q

what is osteonecrosis

A

bone necrosis

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22
Q

what is hematogenous?

A

-infection elsewhere in body and has travelled through the blood stream into bone marrow- causes infection

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23
Q

what does contiguous mean?

A

means the infection started in the bone

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24
Q

what is osteomyelitis?

A
  • when pathogen sets off inflammation
  • edema WBC activity, abcesses form
  • edema lifts the periosteum and disrupts blood supply to underlying bone
  • necrosis and death of infected bone
  • osteoblast lay down new bone around dead bone
  • formation of fistulas and sinus tracts - pus draining through skin
  • bone will be easily fractured
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25
what is sequestrum?
necrosis and death of infected bone
26
what is involucrum?
-osteoblast lay down new bone around dead bone
27
manifestations of osteomyelitis?
- fever, chills, malaise - imparied movement - pain - wound drainage - edema
28
diagnosis of osteomyelitis?
-elevated WBC -blood and wound cultures -bone scan CT and MRI
29
tx of osteomyelitis?
- long and vigorous antibiotic therapy - debridement - antibiotic beads/scaffolds - hyperbaric O2 therapy- idea is to push 02 into the bones, high 02 percentage
30
what is a soft tissue injury?
- can involve joints, muscles, tendons, and or ligaments - hematomas- collection of blooc - contusions -bruise - lacerations -tear - sprains and strains - dislocation and subluxation
31
complications of soft tissue injuries?
- impaired mobility - impaired stability - compartment syndrome (potentially limb threatening)
32
what is compartment syndrome?
- excessive edema causes increased pressure in a "compartment" - compresses circulation, can cut blood flow completely - can occur after fracture or crush injury
33
complications of immobility?
- prolonged immobility can have negative impact in many body systems - respiratory (trouble taking deep breaths) - GI - cardiovascular - urinary - more prone to UTI - integumentary (prone to skin breakdown) - cognition
34
what are contractures?
- a complications of immobility - can be generalized or in hands - flexion is stronger than extension, so this imbalance over time will result in this
35
what is osteoporosis?
- decreased bone mass and increased porosity of skeleton | - increased risk of fractures (wrist,hand,spine)
36
patho of osteoporosis?
- imbalance between bone breakdown and formation | - partially age and hormonal related (menopause)
37
risk factors of osteoporosis?
- age - women - genetics - bone size - activity level - nutritional status - other disease
38
manifestations of osteoporosis?
- silent disorder until we fall-and with minimal force causes a fracture - can be fracture of the vertebral, hip, pelvis, wrist - loss of height - Kyphosis
39
diagnosis of osteoporosis ?
- measure bone mass - X ray - bone density screening - serial height measurements
40
managment of osteoporosis?
- prevention and early detection - weight-bearing excersise - vitamin D - medications to block bone resportion or stimulate formation
41
what is osteoarthritis?
- one of the most common forms of arthritis - progressive destruction of smooth articular cartilage - combo of inflammation and degeneration - disease of "wear and tear" - women more severely affected
42
characteristics of osteoarthritis?
- erosion of cartilage - exposure of bone - dislodgement of bone/ cartilage fragments - development of bone spurs
43
risk factors for osteoarthritis?
- age (80% of ppl over age 65 will have some) - gender - pervious joint trauma - obesity (promotes inflammation)
44
manifestations of osteoarthritis?
- depends on location - stiffness, pai - decreases mobility - shuffling gait - difficulty with getting up - crepitus - bouchard and herbedn nodes
45
what is RA?
rheumatoid arthritis | -inflammatory damage or destruction of the synovial membrane and or cartilage with systemic signs of inflammation
46
what are some risk factors for RA?
- gender (more female) - age - fam history - smoking - hormonal involvement -increased postpartum
47
pathophysiology of RA?
- neutrophils activated in synovial fluid - inflammation breaks down cartilage and bone - hemorrhaging and pannus (scar tissue) forms - pain and stiffness of joints along with bleeding
48
systemic manifestations of RA?
- fever - fatigue - weight loss - general arching and stiffness
49
local manifestations of RA?
- pain - "boggy" swelling- firm but mushy - swan neck deformity - ulnar deviation
50
RA tx?
- reduce pain - min stiffness - maintain mobility - slow degermation - rest, excersise - heat / cool - posture, joint protecc, shoes
51
medications of RA?
- reduce pain and inflammation | - NSAIDS
52
what are some factors for hereditary and congenital MSK disorders?
- genetics - radiation - alcohol - drugs - viruses - intrauterine environmental factors - most vulnerable during 4-7th week gestations
53
what is clubfoot?
- abnormal position of foot - more common in males - bilateral 50% of time
54
cause of clubfoot?
- idiopathic | - genetic?
55
where are areas of deformity in clubfoot?
-most common form is the heel inward (varus) and is plantar flexed (equinous)
56
how to fix clubfoot?
casting or bracing
57
what is developmental hip dysplasia?
- femoral head and acetabulum not properly aligns due to - improper alignment with head of femur and the socket (acetabulum) - is evidences by limited abduction of the affected hip
58
degrees of DHD?
- dislocated hip - subluxation- partial dislocation - acetabular dysplasia
59
cause of DHD?
-genetics bum first babys -maternal hormones
60
manifestations of DHD?
- asymmetry of gluteal folds and thigh fat folds - butt folds should line up - deference in knee height and limping in older children
61
tests for DHD?
barlow maneuver: feeling for click (dislocation), fingers and right on top of hip joint -ortolanis "click" test
62
how to fix DHD?
-immobilize hips so with development the joint will become stronger and stay in place

Path midterm 2 (13 decks)

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