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Path midterm 2 > MSK 20/21 > Flashcards

MSK 20/21 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a strain?

A

tendon

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2
Q

what is a sprain?

A

ligaments

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3
Q

what is a occult fracture?

A

-a hidden fracture- can happen on hip

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4
Q

what is an open (compound) fracture?

A

-open to environment

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5
Q

what is a pathological fracture?

A

-related to another disease

ex, bone cancer

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6
Q

what is a comminuted fracture

A

segmented, pieces

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7
Q

what is an oblique fracture?

A

-angle fracture

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8
Q

what is a spinal fracture?

A
  • a twist

- a spiral fracture

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9
Q

what is a transverse fracture?

A

-straight across

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10
Q

what is a greenstick fracture

A

-a partial fracture

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11
Q

what a impacted (compression)

A

-one part of bone smashes and is driven up into other part of the bone

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12
Q

bone fractures from sport activities?

A

-humerus, tibia, clavicle

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13
Q

bone fractures from falls?

A

-tend to be hip, pelvis, and wrist

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14
Q

bore fracture from work?

A

-hand and feet

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15
Q

what can happen if the soft callus (early stage) is interrupted?

A

-can completely stop or slow down healing process (very fragile stage)

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16
Q

what is bone remodelling?

A

-scar tissue is overproduced and the bone will eventually shrink back down in the bone remodeling stage

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17
Q

factors affecting healing time?

A
  • age
  • type of fracture
  • medications (corticosteroids)
  • other diseases
  • Nutrition
  • smoking
  • immobility
  • circulation
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18
Q

What is malunion?

A

-does heal in alignment

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19
Q

What is delayed union?

A

-slowed healing (not healed over 8 month)

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20
Q

what is non-union?

A

-does heal even after a significant amount of time

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21
Q

what is osteonecrosis

A

bone necrosis

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22
Q

what is hematogenous?

A

-infection elsewhere in body and has travelled through the blood stream into bone marrow- causes infection

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23
Q

what does contiguous mean?

A

means the infection started in the bone

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24
Q

what is osteomyelitis?

A
  • when pathogen sets off inflammation
  • edema WBC activity, abcesses form
  • edema lifts the periosteum and disrupts blood supply to underlying bone
  • necrosis and death of infected bone
  • osteoblast lay down new bone around dead bone
  • formation of fistulas and sinus tracts - pus draining through skin
  • bone will be easily fractured
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25
Q

what is sequestrum?

A

necrosis and death of infected bone

26
Q

what is involucrum?

A

-osteoblast lay down new bone around dead bone

27
Q

manifestations of osteomyelitis?

A
  • fever, chills, malaise
  • imparied movement
  • pain
  • wound drainage
  • edema
28
Q

diagnosis of osteomyelitis?

A

-elevated WBC
-blood and wound cultures
-bone scan
CT and MRI

29
Q

tx of osteomyelitis?

A
  • long and vigorous antibiotic therapy
  • debridement
  • antibiotic beads/scaffolds
  • hyperbaric O2 therapy- idea is to push 02 into the bones, high 02 percentage
30
Q

what is a soft tissue injury?

A
  • can involve joints, muscles, tendons, and or ligaments
  • hematomas- collection of blooc
  • contusions -bruise
  • lacerations -tear
  • sprains and strains
  • dislocation and subluxation
31
Q

complications of soft tissue injuries?

A
  • impaired mobility
  • impaired stability
  • compartment syndrome (potentially limb threatening)
32
Q

what is compartment syndrome?

A
  • excessive edema causes increased pressure in a “compartment”
  • compresses circulation, can cut blood flow completely
  • can occur after fracture or crush injury
33
Q

complications of immobility?

A
  • prolonged immobility can have negative impact in many body systems
  • respiratory (trouble taking deep breaths)
  • GI
  • cardiovascular
  • urinary - more prone to UTI
  • integumentary (prone to skin breakdown)
  • cognition
34
Q

what are contractures?

A
  • a complications of immobility
  • can be generalized or in hands
  • flexion is stronger than extension, so this imbalance over time will result in this
35
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A
  • decreased bone mass and increased porosity of skeleton

- increased risk of fractures (wrist,hand,spine)

36
Q

patho of osteoporosis?

A
  • imbalance between bone breakdown and formation

- partially age and hormonal related (menopause)

37
Q

risk factors of osteoporosis?

A
  • age
  • women
  • genetics
  • bone size
  • activity level
  • nutritional status
  • other disease
38
Q

manifestations of osteoporosis?

A
  • silent disorder until we fall-and with minimal force causes a fracture
  • can be fracture of the vertebral, hip, pelvis, wrist
  • loss of height
  • Kyphosis
39
Q

diagnosis of osteoporosis ?

A
  • measure bone mass
  • X ray
  • bone density screening
  • serial height measurements
40
Q

managment of osteoporosis?

A
  • prevention and early detection
  • weight-bearing excersise
  • vitamin D
  • medications to block bone resportion or stimulate formation
41
Q

what is osteoarthritis?

A
  • one of the most common forms of arthritis
  • progressive destruction of smooth articular cartilage
  • combo of inflammation and degeneration
  • disease of “wear and tear”
  • women more severely affected
42
Q

characteristics of osteoarthritis?

A
  • erosion of cartilage
  • exposure of bone
  • dislodgement of bone/ cartilage fragments
  • development of bone spurs
43
Q

risk factors for osteoarthritis?

A
  • age (80% of ppl over age 65 will have some)
  • gender
  • pervious joint trauma
  • obesity (promotes inflammation)
44
Q

manifestations of osteoarthritis?

A
  • depends on location
  • stiffness, pai
  • decreases mobility
  • shuffling gait
  • difficulty with getting up
  • crepitus
  • bouchard and herbedn nodes
45
Q

what is RA?

A

rheumatoid arthritis

-inflammatory damage or destruction of the synovial membrane and or cartilage with systemic signs of inflammation

46
Q

what are some risk factors for RA?

A
  • gender (more female)
  • age
  • fam history
  • smoking
  • hormonal involvement -increased postpartum
47
Q

pathophysiology of RA?

A
  • neutrophils activated in synovial fluid
  • inflammation breaks down cartilage and bone
  • hemorrhaging and pannus (scar tissue) forms
  • pain and stiffness of joints along with bleeding
48
Q

systemic manifestations of RA?

A
  • fever
  • fatigue
  • weight loss
  • general arching and stiffness
49
Q

local manifestations of RA?

A
  • pain
  • “boggy” swelling- firm but mushy
  • swan neck deformity
  • ulnar deviation
50
Q

RA tx?

A
  • reduce pain
  • min stiffness
  • maintain mobility
  • slow degermation
  • rest, excersise
  • heat / cool
  • posture, joint protecc, shoes
51
Q

medications of RA?

A
  • reduce pain and inflammation

- NSAIDS

52
Q

what are some factors for hereditary and congenital MSK disorders?

A
  • genetics
  • radiation
  • alcohol
  • drugs
  • viruses
  • intrauterine environmental factors
  • most vulnerable during 4-7th week gestations
53
Q

what is clubfoot?

A
  • abnormal position of foot
  • more common in males
  • bilateral 50% of time
54
Q

cause of clubfoot?

A
  • idiopathic

- genetic?

55
Q

where are areas of deformity in clubfoot?

A

-most common form is the heel inward (varus) and is plantar flexed (equinous)

56
Q

how to fix clubfoot?

A

casting or bracing

57
Q

what is developmental hip dysplasia?

A
  • femoral head and acetabulum not properly aligns due to
  • improper alignment with head of femur and the socket (acetabulum)
  • is evidences by limited abduction of the affected hip
58
Q

degrees of DHD?

A
  • dislocated hip
  • subluxation- partial dislocation
  • acetabular dysplasia
59
Q

cause of DHD?

A

-genetics
bum first babys
-maternal hormones

60
Q

manifestations of DHD?

A
  • asymmetry of gluteal folds and thigh fat folds
  • butt folds should line up
  • deference in knee height and limping in older children
61
Q

tests for DHD?

A

barlow maneuver: feeling for click (dislocation), fingers and right on top of hip joint
-ortolanis “click” test

62
Q

how to fix DHD?

A

-immobilize hips so with development the joint will become stronger and stay in place

Path midterm 2 (13 decks)

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