MSK 20/21 Flashcards
what is a strain?
tendon
what is a sprain?
ligaments
what is a occult fracture?
-a hidden fracture- can happen on hip
what is an open (compound) fracture?
-open to environment
what is a pathological fracture?
-related to another disease
ex, bone cancer
what is a comminuted fracture
segmented, pieces
what is an oblique fracture?
-angle fracture
what is a spinal fracture?
- a twist
- a spiral fracture
what is a transverse fracture?
-straight across
what is a greenstick fracture
-a partial fracture
what a impacted (compression)
-one part of bone smashes and is driven up into other part of the bone
bone fractures from sport activities?
-humerus, tibia, clavicle
bone fractures from falls?
-tend to be hip, pelvis, and wrist
bore fracture from work?
-hand and feet
what can happen if the soft callus (early stage) is interrupted?
-can completely stop or slow down healing process (very fragile stage)
what is bone remodelling?
-scar tissue is overproduced and the bone will eventually shrink back down in the bone remodeling stage
factors affecting healing time?
- age
- type of fracture
- medications (corticosteroids)
- other diseases
- Nutrition
- smoking
- immobility
- circulation
What is malunion?
-does heal in alignment
What is delayed union?
-slowed healing (not healed over 8 month)
what is non-union?
-does heal even after a significant amount of time
what is osteonecrosis
bone necrosis
what is hematogenous?
-infection elsewhere in body and has travelled through the blood stream into bone marrow- causes infection
what does contiguous mean?
means the infection started in the bone
what is osteomyelitis?
- when pathogen sets off inflammation
- edema WBC activity, abcesses form
- edema lifts the periosteum and disrupts blood supply to underlying bone
- necrosis and death of infected bone
- osteoblast lay down new bone around dead bone
- formation of fistulas and sinus tracts - pus draining through skin
- bone will be easily fractured
what is sequestrum?
necrosis and death of infected bone
what is involucrum?
-osteoblast lay down new bone around dead bone
manifestations of osteomyelitis?
- fever, chills, malaise
- imparied movement
- pain
- wound drainage
- edema
diagnosis of osteomyelitis?
-elevated WBC
-blood and wound cultures
-bone scan
CT and MRI
tx of osteomyelitis?
- long and vigorous antibiotic therapy
- debridement
- antibiotic beads/scaffolds
- hyperbaric O2 therapy- idea is to push 02 into the bones, high 02 percentage
what is a soft tissue injury?
- can involve joints, muscles, tendons, and or ligaments
- hematomas- collection of blooc
- contusions -bruise
- lacerations -tear
- sprains and strains
- dislocation and subluxation
complications of soft tissue injuries?
- impaired mobility
- impaired stability
- compartment syndrome (potentially limb threatening)
what is compartment syndrome?
- excessive edema causes increased pressure in a “compartment”
- compresses circulation, can cut blood flow completely
- can occur after fracture or crush injury
complications of immobility?
- prolonged immobility can have negative impact in many body systems
- respiratory (trouble taking deep breaths)
- GI
- cardiovascular
- urinary - more prone to UTI
- integumentary (prone to skin breakdown)
- cognition
what are contractures?
- a complications of immobility
- can be generalized or in hands
- flexion is stronger than extension, so this imbalance over time will result in this
what is osteoporosis?
- decreased bone mass and increased porosity of skeleton
- increased risk of fractures (wrist,hand,spine)
patho of osteoporosis?
- imbalance between bone breakdown and formation
- partially age and hormonal related (menopause)
risk factors of osteoporosis?
- age
- women
- genetics
- bone size
- activity level
- nutritional status
- other disease
manifestations of osteoporosis?
- silent disorder until we fall-and with minimal force causes a fracture
- can be fracture of the vertebral, hip, pelvis, wrist
- loss of height
- Kyphosis
diagnosis of osteoporosis ?
- measure bone mass
- X ray
- bone density screening
- serial height measurements
managment of osteoporosis?
- prevention and early detection
- weight-bearing excersise
- vitamin D
- medications to block bone resportion or stimulate formation
what is osteoarthritis?
- one of the most common forms of arthritis
- progressive destruction of smooth articular cartilage
- combo of inflammation and degeneration
- disease of “wear and tear”
- women more severely affected
characteristics of osteoarthritis?
- erosion of cartilage
- exposure of bone
- dislodgement of bone/ cartilage fragments
- development of bone spurs
risk factors for osteoarthritis?
- age (80% of ppl over age 65 will have some)
- gender
- pervious joint trauma
- obesity (promotes inflammation)
manifestations of osteoarthritis?
- depends on location
- stiffness, pai
- decreases mobility
- shuffling gait
- difficulty with getting up
- crepitus
- bouchard and herbedn nodes
what is RA?
rheumatoid arthritis
-inflammatory damage or destruction of the synovial membrane and or cartilage with systemic signs of inflammation
what are some risk factors for RA?
- gender (more female)
- age
- fam history
- smoking
- hormonal involvement -increased postpartum
pathophysiology of RA?
- neutrophils activated in synovial fluid
- inflammation breaks down cartilage and bone
- hemorrhaging and pannus (scar tissue) forms
- pain and stiffness of joints along with bleeding
systemic manifestations of RA?
- fever
- fatigue
- weight loss
- general arching and stiffness
local manifestations of RA?
- pain
- “boggy” swelling- firm but mushy
- swan neck deformity
- ulnar deviation
RA tx?
- reduce pain
- min stiffness
- maintain mobility
- slow degermation
- rest, excersise
- heat / cool
- posture, joint protecc, shoes
medications of RA?
- reduce pain and inflammation
- NSAIDS
what are some factors for hereditary and congenital MSK disorders?
- genetics
- radiation
- alcohol
- drugs
- viruses
- intrauterine environmental factors
- most vulnerable during 4-7th week gestations
what is clubfoot?
- abnormal position of foot
- more common in males
- bilateral 50% of time
cause of clubfoot?
- idiopathic
- genetic?
where are areas of deformity in clubfoot?
-most common form is the heel inward (varus) and is plantar flexed (equinous)
how to fix clubfoot?
casting or bracing
what is developmental hip dysplasia?
- femoral head and acetabulum not properly aligns due to
- improper alignment with head of femur and the socket (acetabulum)
- is evidences by limited abduction of the affected hip
degrees of DHD?
- dislocated hip
- subluxation- partial dislocation
- acetabular dysplasia
cause of DHD?
-genetics
bum first babys
-maternal hormones
manifestations of DHD?
- asymmetry of gluteal folds and thigh fat folds
- butt folds should line up
- deference in knee height and limping in older children
tests for DHD?
barlow maneuver: feeling for click (dislocation), fingers and right on top of hip joint
-ortolanis “click” test
how to fix DHD?
-immobilize hips so with development the joint will become stronger and stay in place
