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Path midterm 2 > reproductive > Flashcards

reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

what causes inflammation of the reproductive organs?

A
  • irritants, mostly infection
  • sexually transmitted infections
  • systemic diseases (mumps, scarlet fever)
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2
Q

where does infection and inflammation occur in the reproductive system?

A

it can occur anywhere

  • most signs & symptoms are as result as infections that result in inflammation
  • can be acute or chronic
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3
Q

where are females affected?

A
  • external genitalia
  • vagina
  • uterus
  • fallopian tubes
  • ovaries
  • breasts
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4
Q

where are men affected?

A 
- the glans
urethra 
testes 
epididymis 
prostate gland
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5
Q

what might inflammation of the external genitalia be due to?

A
  • direct contact with irritants such as:
  • perfumed soap or sprays
  • spermatocides
  • allergen such as latex
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6
Q

what are some LOCAL signs and symptoms of infection?

A
  • swelling, redness, burning, pain
  • increased discharge - different looking
  • foul smell
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7
Q

what are some SYSTEMIC signs and symptoms?

A
  • fever, chills, malaise

- leukocytosis associated with inflammation and infectious process

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8
Q

what are chronic infections and inflammation associated with?

A
  • scarring and formation of adhesions in various structures of the reproduct tract
  • common cause of infertility
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9
Q

what is vulvitis?

A
  • inflammatory process of the external female genitalia.

- associated with contact with irritants

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10
Q

what is endometritis?

A
  • inflammation of the lining of the uterus
  • lining is relatively resistant to infection because of the endocervix acting as a barrier against infectious agents
  • acute infection can still occur with abortion or normal delivery, use of instrumentation (when opening lady bits, this can introduce pathogens)
  • chronic endometritis is associated with use of intrauterine devices such as birth control measures or pelvic inflame disease
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11
Q

signs and symptoms of chronic endometritis?

A
  • abnormal bleeding
  • mild to moderate tenderness
  • malaise
  • fever
  • foul smelling discharge
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12
Q

what are two common agents that cause infection besides bacteria and viruses?

A

Yeast- Candida Albicans

Parasite- Trichomas (is sexually transmitted)

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13
Q

characteristics of Vaginitis-Candida Albicans?

A
  • thick, cheesy-like growth that is found on the cervix and on the vagina walls
  • often associated with itching with thicc discharge
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14
Q

what type of ppl are at risk for Vaginitis Candida Albicans?

A
  • ppl who take antibiotics that affect normal flora of the vagina
  • diabeties
  • women taking birth control pills
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15
Q

what are the characteristics of Vaginitis- Trichomonas?

A
  • sexually transmitted disease due to parasite

- very thick, white vaginal discharge

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16
Q

what is salpingitis?

A
  • inflammation/infecc of the fallopian tubes

- associated with pelvic inflam disease

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17
Q

causative agents of salpingitis?

A
  • gonorrhea and chlamydia

- often end up with adhesions and scarring of fallopian tubes, which is one cause of infertility

18
Q

what is mastitis?

A
  • infec/inflam of breast tissue

- associated with breast feeding

19
Q

what is mastitis caused by?

A
  • caused by straphlyococcus or streptococcus

- can also be caused by Candida Albicans

20
Q

characteristics of mastitis?

A
  • ascending infection
  • starts from nipple and moves into structures of the breast
  • often infection will have a wedge-shape appearance and involves only one quadrant of the breast
21
Q

how can mastitis be transmitted?

A

-transmitted from mothers hands if not washed before handling breasts
-transmitted from baby- mouth may contain candida or strep or straph as baby sucks on breast
-pathogens enter cracks in nipples at time of feeding
-

22
Q

what other situations can mastitis occur?

A
  • outside of breastfeeding:
  • related to fluctuations in hormones in adolescents
  • might also occur with trauma or localized tumor
23
Q

what is pelvic inflammatory disease?

A
  • female only
  • acute inflammation of any organ or upper reproductive tract
  • most common and most serious consequences of STI gonorrhea and chlamydia.
  • can lead to infertility or ectopic pregnancy, painful intercourse
24
Q

what structures are involved in pelvic inflammatory disease?

A
  • uterus
  • fallopian tubes
  • ovaries
  • peritoneum
25
Q

risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease?

A
  • age 16-24
  • having multiple sexual partners
  • previous history of even one pelvic inflammatory disease
26
Q

manifestations of pelvic inflammatory disease?

A
  • vary
  • can present with no symptoms
  • or have severe, dull, steady abdominal pain (worse when walking or have sex)
  • can be associated w high fever, dysuria, irregular bleeding
27
Q

what does severity of symptoms and infection of pelvic inflammatory disease depend on?

A
  • depends on:
  • the virulence of pathogen that is present
  • how much the pathogen is the pt exposed to
  • pts immune status
  • if pt is any way immunocompromised, will tend to be more severe
28
Q

what do Gonorrhea and Chlamydia cause?

A
  • cause necrosis of the tissue of the reproductive tract

- why pt to has had PID before is vulnerable to recurrent instances

29
Q

after even one episode, 15-25% of women will develop long term consequences:

A 
-interfertility
ectopic preggo (baby develops in fallopian tube)
pain w sex
may develop adhesions or abscesses of the fallopian tubes or ovaries  
-very very few cases cause septic shock and death
30
Q

complications of PID?

A
  • adhesions can develop between structures of reproductive system and can lead to obstruction
  • fallopian tubes and ovaries can becomes distorted and affected by long-term complications of PID
31
Q

what is urethritis (male)

A
  • inflam/infec of the urethra

- associated w several STI’s

32
Q

what is balanitis? (male)

A
  • infect/inflam of the glands itself
  • acute or chronic
  • associated with candida infec
  • being diabetic predisposes male to this type of infec
33
Q

what is epididymo-orchitis? (male)

A

inflammation of the epididymis

  • associated with non-sexual issues or related to UTI’s
  • main pathogen is E.coli
  • can be due to other pathogens that travel via bloodstream can infec the man bits
  • sexually transmitted pathogens include gonorrhea and chlamydia
34
Q

signs and symptoms of epididymitis?

A

include unilateral pain and swelling
edema of scrotum
tenderness in groin

35
Q

what is inflammation of the orchitis?

A

inflammation of the testes

  • common complication of systemic infec or acending infec of reproductive tract
  • and be due to UTI’s, systemic infec, or STI’s
  • in other words, epididymis can be infected or urinary tract could be infected and eventually microorganisms find their way to testes
  • mumps is common cause (pathogen that causes mumps reaches tests via bloodstream or lymph
36
Q

what is prostatitis?

A
  • inflammation of the prostate gland
  • due to acute ascending urethral infec or due to reflux urine
  • E.coli & pseudomonas are causative agents
37
Q

signs and symptoms of prostatitis?

A

-chills, fever, dull achy pain
-cloudy urine
-urgency
frequency
signs and symptoms or UTI
-low back pain and myalgia

38
Q

what is common with post-pubertal males?

A

-mumps

39
Q

signs and symptoms of orchitis?

A

-sudden set of really severe fever marked by exhaustion and unilateral swelling of the scrotum
-leukocytosis
-signs and symptoms usually manifest themselves 3-4 days after mumps infecc
-

40
Q

complications of orchitis?

A
  • atrophy of testes
  • decreased spermatogenesis = infertility
  • this is especially so if there is bilateral orchitis
  • does affect production of testosterone, so secondary sex characteristics still occur

Path midterm 2 (13 decks)

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