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Path midterm 2 > hematological function > Flashcards

hematological function Flashcards

1
Q

examples of alternations in white blood cell function?

A

leukemia

lymphoma

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2
Q

what are Red blood cells? Purpose?

A

Red blood cells also remove carbon dioxide from your body, transporting it to the lungs for you to exhale.
Red blood cells are made inside your bones, in the bone marrow.
They typically live for about 120 days, and then they die.

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3
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A

Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen.
normal range: 120-180 g/l

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4
Q

characteristics of RBC?

A

he mature human red blood cell is small, round, and biconcave; it appears dumbbell-shaped in profile. The cell is flexible and assumes a bell shape as it passes through extremely small blood vessels. It is covered with a membrane composed of lipids and proteins, lacks a nucleus, and contains hemoglobin—a red, iron-rich protein that binds oxygen.

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5
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

is the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood.

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6
Q

What is anemia?

A

Reduction in the total number of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the circulating blood or a decrease in the level of hemoglobin

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7
Q

how does anemia affect oxygen carrying capacity?

A

Anemic hypoxia occurs when the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood decreases, and thus, this defect is specifically associated with the blood. … When the hemoglobin concentration inside RBCs decreases, this also reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen

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8
Q

manifestations of anemia?

A 
Easy fatigue and loss of energy.
Unusually rapid heart beat, particularly with exercise.
Shortness of breath and headache, particularly with exercise.
Difficulty concentrating.
Dizziness.
Pale skin.
Leg cramps.
Insomnia.
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9
Q

Causes of anemia?

A
  • active bleeding
  • heavy menstrual bleeding
  • gastrointestinal ulcers
  • Iron deficiency anemia: (The bone marrow needs iron to make red blood cells. Iron (Fe) plays an important role in the proper structure of the hemoglobin molecule. If iron intake is limited or inadequate due to poor dietary intake, anemia may occur as a result)
  • Anemia of chronic disease: Any long-term medical condition can lead to anemia.
  • Anemia related to kidney disease: The kidneys release a hormone called the erythropoietin that helps the bone marrow make red blood cells. In people with chronic (long-standing) kidney disease, the production of this hormone is diminished, and this, in turn, diminishes the production of red blood cells, causing anemia.
  • Anemia related to pregnancy: Water weight and fluid gain during pregnancy dilutes the blood, which may be reflected as anemia since the relative concentration of red blood cells is lower.
  • sickle cell anemia
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10
Q

size of anemia is identified by what?

A

-cytic as an ending

ex, microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic

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11
Q

what is the term that describes the color of RBC?

A

-depends on hemoglobin content
-ends in -chromic
ex, normochromic = concentration of hemoglobin in within standard range
ex, hypochromic= red blood cells are paler than normla

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12
Q

what is the scientific cause of anemia?

A

impaired production of iron, B12, folate, or chronic disease

  • loss of blood or destruction (hemolysis) or rbcs
  • combination of above
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13
Q

what is iron deficiency anemia?

A

anemia caused by a lack of iron.
Without enough iron, your body can’t produce enough of a substance in red blood cells that enables them to carry oxygen (hemoglobin). As a result, iron deficiency anemia may leave you tired and short of breath.
red blood cells will be pale in the middle

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14
Q

what is the most common type of anemia?

A

iron deficiency anemia

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15
Q

what can cause iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • poor nutritional intake
  • pregancy
  • continous blood loss
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16
Q

what are some clinical manifestations of iron deficiency anemia?

A
  • fatigue
  • weakness
  • dyspnea
  • pallor
  • spoon-shaped nails
  • glossitis (red, sore, painful tongue)
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17
Q

tx for iron deficiency anemia?

A

-iron supplements

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18
Q

what is pernicious anemia?

A
  • caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12
  • malabsorption
  • lack of intrinsic factor from the gastric parietal
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19
Q

what is required for B12 absorption?

A

intrinsic factor

  • lack of intrinsic factor causes B12 deficiency which causes anemia
  • cells are large = macrocytic
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20
Q

what are some clinical manifestations of anemia?

A

fatigue, weakness, dyspnea, pallor

-nerve demyelination = causes paresthesias (pins and needles sensation) of feet, loss of position sense, and dementia

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21
Q

what is the treatment of pernicioius anemia?

A

lifelong B12 supplementation

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22
Q

what is folate deficiency anemia?

A

Folate-deficiency anemia is a decrease in red blood cells (anemia) due to a lack of folate. Folate is a type of B vitamin. It is also called folic acid.

  • poor absportion of folate
  • or inscreased requirments of folate (pregnancy)
  • large rbcs = macrocytic
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23
Q

clinical manifestations of folate deficiency anemia?

A
  • fatigue
  • weakness
  • dyspnea
  • pallor
  • lack of folate also linked to cardiovascular disease and neural tube defects in children
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24
Q

tx of folate deficenicy anemia?

A
  • dietary adjustments

- supplements

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25
Q

what foods have folate in them?

A

green leafy vegetables, fruits, cereals, meats

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26
Q

what is spina bifida?

A

-linked to folate deficiency
a congenital defect of the spine in which part of the spinal cord and its meninges are exposed through a gap in the backbone. It often causes paralysis of the lower limbs, and sometimes mental handicap.

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27
Q

what aspects of chronic disease can lead to anemia?

A
  • inadequate production of erythropoietin
  • ineffecitive bone marrow response to erythropoetin
  • decreased erythrocyte life span
  • depletion of iron stores
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28
Q

what kinds of chronic illness are associated with anemia?

A

-associated with:
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic renal failure

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29
Q

what is blood loss anemia?

A
  • can be acute or chronic
  • acute: symptoms are usually related to blood loss (tachycardia, hypotension)
  • chronic
30
Q

what is hemolytic anemias?

A

Hemolytic anemia is a condition in which red blood cells are destroyed and removed from the bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over. (premature destruction)

31
Q

what are some examples of hemolytic anemias?

A
  • hemolytic disease of the newborn
  • sickle cell disease
  • venoms (snake bites)
  • infections (E.coli, malaria)
  • transfusion reaction
  • mechanical heart valves
32
Q

what is sickle cell anemia?

A
  • characterised by the production of abnormal hemoglobin (Hb S)
  • An autosomal recessive disorder
  • Most common in african decent or living near equator
  • it is estimated that 1 in 10 african africans carry the trait
33
Q

what is sickle cell due to?

A

due to a mutation in the hemoglobin molecule

-sickle hemoglobin can revert to normal, or become irreversibly sickled

34
Q

what is sickle cell crisis triggered by?

A

dehydration and hypoxemia

35
Q

what are the two major consequences of sickle cell?

A

1) chronic hemolyic anemia (premature destruction by spleen)
2) blood vessle occlusion - pain, organ failure

36
Q

what is is called when there is an increase in white blood cells?

A

leukocytosis

-may be normal protective physiological response to physiological stressors

37
Q

what is is called when there is a decreased in white blood cells?

A

Leukopenia

  • NEVER normal
  • can be due to radiation, chemotherapy, immune deficiencies
  • predisoposes patient to infections
38
Q

what is leukemia and lymphome both caused by?

A

malignancies of blast cells

39
Q

where does leukemia start?

A

in bone marrow

40
Q

where does lymphoma start?

A

lymph nodes

41
Q

what is leukemia?

A

a malignant progressive disease in which the bone marrow and other blood-forming organs produce increased numbers of immature or abnormal leukocytes. These suppress the production of normal blood cells, leading to anemia and other symptoms.
-malignacny of precurcors to white blood cells

42
Q

what are the types of leukemia?

A
  • Acute lymphoctic leukemoa (children)
  • Acute myelogenous leukemia
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • Chronic myelogenous leukemia
43
Q

what are some risk factors and causes of leukemia?

A
  • Genetics: (down syndrome- acute leukemia, philadlphia chromosome)
  • ionozing radiation
  • chemotherapy
  • chemical exposure
  • smoking
44
Q

what are leukemia blasts and what do they do?

A
  • The bone marrow produces abnormal blast cells that fail to mature properly and are unable to function. These abnormal blasts begin to take over the bone marrow and prevent the production of adequate numbers of other types of blood cells, such as platelets, red blood cells, and healthy white blood cells. In fact, production of leukemic blasts may get so out of hand that the immature cells spill out from the bone marrow into the circulation. (can infiltrate the spleen, liver, etc)
  • leukemia blasts crowd out bone marrow and cause PANCYTOPENIA (decreased cellular proliferation of all types of blood cells)
45
Q

what are some manifestations of leukemia?

A 
-fatigue
weakness 
shortness of breath due to anemia 
-risk of infection 
-bleeding because of decreased platelets 
-bone pain 
-spleen and liver will increase in size
46
Q

treatment of leukemia?

A

chemotherapy

-bone marrow or stem cell transplant

47
Q

what does the lymphatic system link together?

A

links the immune and hematological systems (blood and bone marrow)
-site when various WBC’s can mature and function

48
Q

what is lymphadenopathy?

A
  • enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender, somewhat painful
  • can be local (health protective) or general (not normal)
49
Q

what is lymphoma?

What are the two categories?

A

proliferation of maligant lymphocytes in the lymphatic system
TWO basic catergories:
-Hodgkins lymphoma
-Non-Hodgkins lymphona

50
Q

What is Hodgkins lymphona?

A

-cause in unknown
-genetic
-may be linked to epstein-Barr virus
-Biomodal: two seperate age groups:
15 - 40 (first peak that disease is present)
55 and over: another peak will occur

51
Q

what is the 5 year survival rate of Hodgkins lymphona?

A

83%

52
Q

how does hodgkins lymphona tend to start?

A

tends to start locally, then spreads along the chain os nodes and then more widespread

53
Q

what is non hodgkin lymphoma?

A
  • multiple lymph nodes at once- more widespread development of cancer
  • spreads less predictably than hodgkins lymphona
  • impaired immune system and infectious agents
  • incidence has almost doubled since the 1970’s
  • usually in ppl over 50 years of age
54
Q

what is the 5 year survival rate of non hodgkins lymphona?

A

55-60%

55
Q

what are some manifestations of lymphoma?

A

lymphadenopathy (swollen, enlarged nodes) :
Hodgkins: single node or chain
Non- Hodgkins: more widespread

  • fever
  • night sweats
  • fatigue
  • weight loss
56
Q

what is the diagnosis of lymphoma?

A
  • lymph node biopsy
  • looks for Reed-sternberg (big cells) in the lymph tissue
  • the presence of these cell from biopsy confirms the diagnosis of hodgkins lymphoma
57
Q

treatment of lymphoma?

A

chemotherapy and radiation

58
Q

what are the purpose of platelets (thrombocytes)

A

Platelets are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals that are picked up by platelets. The platelets then rush to the site of damage and form a plug, or clot, to repair the damage

59
Q

what does -penia mean?

A

-penia means too little (AKA Thrombocytopenia)

60
Q

what does -cytosis mean?

A

-cytosis means too many (AKA Thrombocytosis)

61
Q

what is thrombocytopenia?

A

caused by decrease production of platelets, increasedd breakdown or consumption of platelts, or both

62
Q

types of thrombocytopenia?

A
  • immune thrombocytopenia

- herpain induced thrombocytopenia

63
Q

what is immune thrombocytopenia Purpura?

A
  • autoimmune response type 2
  • idiopathic (cause is unknown)
  • can be acute or chronic
  • autimmune destruction of platlets
  • IgG antibody coats platelts and then combine together and are then removed from circulation by the spleen
64
Q

what are some signs and symptoms of thrombocytopenia? (ITP)

A
  • signs of bleeding from gums
  • removal or IV; will bleed longer than normal
  • May have internat bleeding in abdomen or brian
  • multiple extensive bruises
  • may see petechia (looks like a rash but arent raised, little pinpoint spots of bleeding)
65
Q

what is used to diagnose thrombocytopenia?

A
  • thrombocyte measurements
  • skin manifestations
  • possibe bone marrow biopsy
66
Q

treatment of thrombocytopenia?

A
  • typicalled palliative to treat symptoms
  • glucocorticoids to supress immune response work well
  • may require removement of sleep in acute setting (so sleep stops taking them out of circulation)
67
Q

what is herparin induced thrombocytopenia?

A

an adverse drug reaction to unfractionated heparin

68
Q

what are some bleeding disorders due to genetics (clotting factor disorders)

A
  • von Willebrand disease (factor VIII deficiency)
  • Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
  • Hemophillia B (factor IX deficiency)
  • Hemophilia C (factor XI deficiency)
69
Q

manfiestations of bleeding disorders?

A
  • bleeding inot joints
  • skin bleeds
  • muscle bleeds
  • mouth / gum bleeds
  • intracranial bleeds
  • blood in stool and or urine
  • nosebleeds
70
Q

alterations in what can lead to disease?

A

alternations in the components (RBC, WBC, lymphocytes, platelts, coagulation factors) of the hematological and lymphoid systems can lead to disease
-alterations can be in cell count (too little or too many) or cell function

Path midterm 2 (13 decks)

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