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animal behavior > reproductive behavior > Flashcards

reproductive behavior Flashcards

1
Q

what are bowers?

A

arrangement of grasses, twigs, flowers and colored objects

built by male satin bowerbirds

for females to evaluate mates

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2
Q

female bowerbird visits a bower and mates there. true or false.

A

false.

visit many bowers several times

build her own nest

returns to observe more dancing at the several bowers

select a male by entering his bower

raises young on her own

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3
Q

ornaments vs armaments

A

ornaments are elaborate morphological traits used in intersexual (opp sex) courtship

armaments are elaborate weaponry used in intrasexual (same sex) competition

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4
Q

morphological traits used in intersexual (opp sex) courtship are known as _____________ while weaponry used in intrasexual (same sex) competition are known as ____________.

A

ornaments; armaments

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5
Q

do ornaments and armaments enhance survivial function?

A

no. they may be costly to survival function, but they enhance mating function through sexual selection.

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6
Q

what does the reproductive skew show?

A

uneven distribution of reproductive success across individuals in a population

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7
Q

what is the curve that shows uneven distribution of reproductive success across individuals in a population called?

A

reproductive skew

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8
Q

what is the bateman’s principle?

A

males have higher reproductive variance than females.

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9
Q

males have higher reproductive variance than females - what principle is this?

A

bateman’s principle

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10
Q

male reproductive skew is dependent on _________ while female productive skew is dependent on __________.

why?

A

number of mates; choosing the best mate

due to fundamental asymmetry of the sexes - great asymmetry in the number of each gamete avaliable because egg is more costly to produce than sperm

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11
Q

is there a cost to produce sperm? how so? in what species?

A

yes. in soay sheep rams, those that copulated more frequently produced less sperm per ejaculate.

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12
Q

parent care is frequent/rare in animals. in species that do give parental care, it is most like to be the mother/father.

A

rare; mother

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13
Q

what is the parental investment theory?

A

cost/benefit analysis of care given by assessing the cost of current offspring and its impact for overall reproductive success

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14
Q

cost/benefit analysis of care given by assessing the cost of current offspring and its impact for overall reproductive success - what theory is this?

A

parental investment theory

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15
Q

according to the parental investment theory, females derive greater/less benefit and greater/less cost from parental care than males because of _____ and _____.

A

parental certainty and reproductive skew

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16
Q

what is the operational sex ratio (OSR)?

higher and lower OSR mean what respectively?

A

number of sexually active males per sexually receptive female

higher OSR - more competition among males

lower OSR - less competition among males, females may be more selective

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17
Q

in katydids providing nourishment for future offspring, the male provides an edible _______ containing __________ pigment to a female. This will be incorporated into _______ for egg development of the offspring.

A

spermatophore; carotenoid; nourishment

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18
Q

male photinus firefly donates a nutrient-rich _______ to a female during __________.

A

coiled spermatophore; copulation

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19
Q

according to parental investment theory,

sexual selection operates strongest in sex that has what 3 factors?

these usually belong to the males, but not always - sometimes it’s the females. it can be reversed and this is called ________.

A
  1. lower investment in offspring development
  2. higher competition to find mates
  3. greater potential for producing more offspring by mating more often

sex role reversal

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20
Q

in long-tailed dance flies, OSR is biased towards ____ because they are away foraging for insect prey.

_____ swarm together and ___ come to these swarms, causing the ____ to compete for access to a _____ with a ____________.

the above demonstrates _____.

A

females

females; males; females; male; high-quality nuptial gift

sex role reversal

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21
Q

what 3 species in the lecture demonstrate sex role reversal?

A

long-tailed dance flies - females in foraging swarms

pipefish - females can produce eggs twice as fast as males can brood them

mormon crickets - spermatophore 25% size of male’s body, male can only mate once

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22
Q

what are cooperative breeders? name 1 species as example.

A

both sexes have high reproductive skew and competition.

black swans have curled feathers and red bills, an ornamentation present in both sexes, showing sexual selecting acting on both sexes.

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23
Q

___ ability is important in intrasexual competition.

what are some sexual dimorphism in favor of this ability?

A

fighting

sexual dimorphism in favor of fighting ability:
- larger body size
- badges of status
- armaments (antlers/horns/claws)

24
Q

male yellow baboons compete for dominance fiercely and this structures their access to mates and improves chances of reproducing. how?

A
  1. higher-ranked males mate more with females when they are fertile and attractive
  2. dominant males sire more offspring in their groups
25
Q

state 2 conditional mating tactics in yellow baboons.

A
  1. males form r/s with females to protect them and their offspring leading to mating preferencesin their favor.
  2. males form alliances to drive away dominant males.
26
Q

in yellow baboons,

  1. subordinate males form r/s with females to protect them and their offspring leading to mating preferencesin their favor.
  2. males form alliances to drive away dominant males.

what are these tactics called?

A

conditional mating tactics/strategy

27
Q

what is the conditional mating strategy/tactic of galapagos marine iguana?

A

smaller males usually removes from females by larger males shortly after mating attempt.

conditional mating tactic:
smaller males have the capacity for pre-copulatory ejaculation, storing thier sperm in a pouch and inseminating female with it immediately upon mounting.

28
Q

in onthophagus beetle, larger horns mean ____ testes.

these horns are used for 2 things. they are?

what about males that are less nourished? how do they mate? do they produce more or less sperm?

A

smaller

horns for:
1. dung burrow defense
2. competition

males that are less nourished dont have horns and have a smaller body size, but they have larger testes. they sneak into burrows to fertilise females. they produce more sperm than the horned beetles.

29
Q

panorpa scorpion flies come in 3 sizes, small, mediuma and large. each size has its own mating strategy. what are they?

A

small - grab tail and force copulation

medium - secrete saliva as nuptial gift

large - insect prey as nuptial gift

30
Q

how does an experiment show that scorpion flies use conditional strategies in mating? (3 steps)

A

1) 10 males placed with 10 females

2) 2 largest males defended best nuptial gifts

3) when they are removes, others switch strategy.

thus these mating strategies are conditional (based on condition).

31
Q

ruffs have 3 mating strategies. what are they?

these strategies are based on _______ and can never ____.

these are not conditional mating tactics, but _______ mating tactics.

A
  1. independents - territorial
  2. satellites - non-territorial
  3. faeders - female-mimic

heredity; change

alternative

32
Q

the yellow baboons and scorpion flies demonstrate ______ mating strategy while the ruffs demonstrates ________ mating strategy.

A

conditional; alternative

33
Q

in sponge isopods, when in an experimentally controlled envt, which of the below, alpha, beta or gamma, sired most offspring?

1) alpha, beta and 1 female

2) alpha, beta, and 2 females

3) other conditions

do they demonstrate conditional or alternative strategy in mating?

A

1) alpha

2) beta

3) gamma

alternative

34
Q

in bluegill sunfish, what is the alternative mating strategy for bluegill sunfish for the small and medium kind?

A

territorial male guards nest on lake floor to attract female.

small - wait to sneak in and release sperm onto eggs

medium - has coloration of females and wait for opportunity to slip between territorial male and his mate during spawning

35
Q

how do male black-winged damselflies deal with sperm competition?

what does the organ responsible for this look like?

A

male’s sperm transfer organ has lateral horns and spikes that scrub out competing sperm from female’s sperm storage organ, before depositing its own. (90-100% removal rate)

36
Q

define mate guarding.

A

males defend females from amting with other males

37
Q

what is the cost of mate guarding?

A

time and energy spent on mate guarding instead of finding other mates

38
Q

what cues the male seychelles warbler that mate guarding is no loner needed?

A

laying of egg

39
Q

in blue tits, what is an honest signal of parental care potential?

A

males with carotenoid-based plummage - more yellow –> selected more by females for mating due to ability for better parental care

40
Q

in sickle black fish, how do female choose mates?

A

via ability for better parental care

prefer males that can better take care of eggs by fanning eggs with tail and oxygenating them.

41
Q

what does the male hanging fly present to his mate?

what is the threshold for its size?

what happens if this threshold is passed?

A

moths

20mm²

longer copulation time, more sperm transferred

42
Q

male sacrifices itself in the process of copulation in order to improve probability of fertilization or survival of offspring.

what is this hypothesis called?

name one species that does this.

A

sexual suicidal hypothesis

redback spider

43
Q

state the sexual suicidal hypothesis.

A

male sacrifices itself during copulation to improve probability of survival or fertilisation of offspring.

44
Q

in the dark fishing spider, females produce offspring that are ___% larger and __x the survivorship if the male is consumed. the male’s sacrifice improve ____ (reproductive capacity/max reproductive output).

A

20; 2; fecundity

45
Q

redback spiders (male) are heavily predated by ___ and most never find a ___, so they are adapted to ___ all in 1 partner. (they get eaten by females after copulation - somersaults into their jaw)

A

ants; mate; invest

46
Q

what are the 3 models on evolution of exaggerated male ornamentation and displays that provide no resources/parental care?

A
  1. good genes - indicative of male quality/viability (offspring may inherit advantages from father)
  2. runaway selection - sexually attractive [sons inherit attractive trait, daughters inherit majority mate preference (preference for trait, creating feedback loop and causing exaggeration of trait)]
  3. chase-away selection - exploitative of preexisting sensory biases (females derives no benefit by being choosy)
47
Q

mating success of satin bowerbirds is higher for those with higher ____.

in ____, quality of male’s tail predicts survivability of any offspring he produces.

these are examples of ____ among the 3 models on evolution of exaggerated male ornamentation and displays that provide no resources/parental care.

A

cognition

peacocks

good genes

48
Q

what 2 hypothesis other indirect benefits are there for female mate choices?

A
  1. hamilton-Zuk hypothesis
    exaggerated traits signal male resistance to parasites & pathogens
  2. immunocompetence hypothesis
    exaggerated traits require greater levels of testosterone which requires stronger immune system to cope with higher levels of T
49
Q

state the hypotheses:

1) exaggerated traits signal male resistance to parasites & pathogens

2) exaggerated traits require greater levels of testosterone which requires stronger immune system to cope with higher levels of T

A

1) hamilton-Zuk hypothesis

2) immunocompetence hypothesis

50
Q

give an example each for:

1) hamilton-Zuk hypothesis

2) immunocompetence hypothesis

A

1) bowerbirds with better bowers have fewer feather mites

2) female crickets respond more to songs of males with strong immune systems

51
Q

female canaries treated with ____ prior to experiment to simulate interest in mating.

canaries prefer males that can produce song of ___ and _____.

A

estradiol

broad bandwidth; higher syllable/trill rate

52
Q

what is runaway selection?

A

female preference for trait, creating feedback loop and causing exaggeration of trait

53
Q

define chase-away selection

A

antagonistic coevolutionary r/s btwn males and females - males’ exaggerated traits that attract females may actually be disadvantageous for the latter

54
Q

rejection behavior of female can toad is a cryptic female choice/female-driven fertilization bias. describe it

A

female inflates body to make it difficult for male to grasp her properly which disrupts his ability to fertilise her eggs wen releases them

55
Q

female-driven fertilization bias aka?

A

cryptic female choice

56
Q

how does the stitchbird force copulation?

A

assault females in neighboring territories and force transfer of sperm

57
Q

orangutan females prefers ___ males. the other one will force copulation via coercion.

A

flanged

animal behavior (11 decks)

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