genetics n development

Question 1

bird song learning influenced by ___ while song development influenced by ______.

Answer 1

genes; environmental factors

Question 2

genes provide info for _____ potential, and then genes are either activated or not, depending on ______ features at varying stages of development.

Answer 2

phenotype; environmental

Question 3

genetic info works tgt with changing internal and external __________, from cellular to _________.

Answer 3

environment; ecological

Question 4

honey bees develop into different types of __ roles as they age

Answer 4

behavioral

Question 5

in bees, what type has a genetic mechanism that responds to social environment?

Answer 5

worker

Question 6

A. mellifera can develop into which 3 castes?

Answer 6

worker, drone, queen

Question 7

there is evidence that DNA ______ at CpG sites affect queen development in bees.

development of queen associated to _____ processes during development.

Answer 7

methylation

epigenetic

Question 8

what is Dnmt3?

Answer 8

DNA cytonsine-5-mthyltransferase

-enzyme that controls DNA methylation

Question 9

how can Dnmt3 be silenced?

Answer 9

using interfering RNA, Dnmt3 can be silenced, stopping DNA methylation.

Question 10

epigenetic modifications are changes to the _____ that do not alter DNA ___________.

these changes alter DNA ______, and thus regulate patterns of ____ _________________.

Answer 10

genome; sequences

availability; gene expression

Question 11

what is gene expression?

Answer 11

process of DNA transcribing mRNA which is then translated into protein.

transcription + translation

Question 12

Behavioral role types in bees relates to DNA ________ pattern, suggesting certain DNA segments are ________ or __________ depending on the bee’s ____.

Answer 12

methylation; activated; suppressed; caste

Question 13

what is JH? regulates what? found where?

Answer 13

juvenile hormone - regulates development and behavior in insects, found in their blood.

Question 14

JH is found in _____ conc. in nursees and _____ conc. in foragers.

If younger nurses treated with JH, what happens?

Answer 14

low; high

nurses become forages

Question 15

where is JH produced?

Answer 15

CA - corpora allata

Question 16

what happens if the corpora allata (CA) of an insect is removed?

how to combat this problem?

Answer 16

no JH produced, development to forager role is delayed

injection of JH allows development to proceed as usual

Question 17

what 2 things play fundamental roles in bee ontogeny?

Answer 17

DNA methylation and juvenile hormone

Question 18

what happens when forager bees were added into a colony? what about young nurses?

Answer 18

added forager bees inhibited most young nurses from developing into foragers earlier, while added young nurses have no effect on the residents.

Question 19

added forager bees inhibited most young nurses from developing into foragers earlier - what causes this?

Answer 19

fatty acid ethyl oleate

• inhibits early transition into forager
• produced in foragers and transferred to nurses via crop/nectar.

Question 20

what is the armpit effect hypothesis?

Answer 20

an individual can reference their own odor against others to discriminate kin

Question 21

Caching birds have larger _______ than non-caching birds.

Answer 21

hippocampus

Question 22

taste aversion is adapted to _________ features of the environment, and not to arbitrary features with no link to food. Likewise, taste ______ be learned to be associated with shock.

Answer 22

relevant; no

Question 23

what are generalist and specialists in animal feeding?

Answer 23

generalist eats more than 1 type of food, will try different foods and is at higher food risks.

specialists only eat 1 type of food. little food risk.

Question 24

what is vasopressin?

Answer 24

hormone found in mammals’ brains during social affiliation

Question 25

what is V1a?

Answer 25

vasopression receptor found in ventral pallidum (VP). it is produced by avpr1a gene.

Question 26

which is more social? mountain or praire voles?

Answer 26

prairie. they have more V1a receptors, more avpr1a gene expression, which increases when male is in contact with female.

Question 27

mountain voles lack ___________ in the _______ gene, affectes its expression, thus they are less social.

Answer 27

regulation microsatellite; avpr1a

Question 28

administering vasopressin into brain affect ___ voles but not ___ voles.

Answer 28

prairie; mountain

Question 29

what is the password hypothesis? species-specific ___ signals may be involved in the _______ of species that do not develop around their own kind.

Answer 29

vocal; ontogeny

Question 30

what is the below ability called? ability to develop normally despite defective genes or rearing environment, a process that helps to produce reliably adaptive phenotype.

Answer 30

developmental homeostasis

Question 31

state the social experience hypothesis

Answer 31

animals need social experience to develop normal social behavior

Question 32

developmental constraints hypothesis states what?

Answer 32

individuals born in low quality environments experience reduced fitness later in life

Question 33

predictive adaptative response hypothesis states what? this hypothesis can results from _______ effects which are influences from the environment and genotype of the mother.

Answer 33

individuals adjust their phenotype during development to match conditions later in life maternal

Question 34

what is developmental plasticity?

Answer 34

potential of organism to develop different phenotypes depending on environmental conditions of development

Question 35

what are polyphenisms?

Answer 35

discrete phenotypes induced by envt of development that arise from a single genotype

Question 36

locusts forming massive swarms on rare occasions is a result of _______-induced ___________. in high-density conditions, nymphs can ____ and _____ other locusts. It must be dense enought to allow repeated ________. __________-receptors from _______ signal to _____, triggering genetic expression changes in cells. This triggers the production of _____________, which shifts the locusts from default green to black and yellow phenotype.

Answer 36

socially; polyphenism see; hear; contact mechano; hindlegs; CNS; serotonin

Question 37

what is a supergene?

Answer 37

a chromosomal inversion that leads to formation of a region of DNA containing many linked genes that cannot be recombined