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animal behavior > genetics n development > Flashcards

genetics n development Flashcards

1
Q

bird song learning influenced by ___ while song development influenced by ______.

A

genes; environmental factors

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2
Q

genes provide info for _____ potential, and then genes are either activated or not, depending on ______ features at varying stages of development.

A

phenotype; environmental

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3
Q

genetic info works tgt with changing internal and external __________, from cellular to _________.

A

environment; ecological

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4
Q

honey bees develop into different types of __ roles as they age

A

behavioral

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5
Q

in bees, what type has a genetic mechanism that responds to social environment?

A

worker

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6
Q

A. mellifera can develop into which 3 castes?

A

worker, drone, queen

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7
Q

there is evidence that DNA ______ at CpG sites affect queen development in bees.

development of queen associated to _____ processes during development.

A

methylation

epigenetic

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8
Q

what is Dnmt3?

A

DNA cytonsine-5-mthyltransferase

-enzyme that controls DNA methylation

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9
Q

how can Dnmt3 be silenced?

A

using interfering RNA, Dnmt3 can be silenced, stopping DNA methylation.

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10
Q

epigenetic modifications are changes to the _____ that do not alter DNA ___________.

these changes alter DNA ______, and thus regulate patterns of ____ _________________.

A

genome; sequences

availability; gene expression

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11
Q

what is gene expression?

A

process of DNA transcribing mRNA which is then translated into protein.

transcription + translation

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12
Q

Behavioral role types in bees relates to DNA ________ pattern, suggesting certain DNA segments are ________ or __________ depending on the bee’s ____.

A

methylation; activated; suppressed; caste

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13
Q

what is JH? regulates what? found where?

A

juvenile hormone - regulates development and behavior in insects, found in their blood.

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14
Q

JH is found in _____ conc. in nursees and _____ conc. in foragers.

If younger nurses treated with JH, what happens?

A

low; high

nurses become forages

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15
Q

where is JH produced?

A

CA - corpora allata

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16
Q

what happens if the corpora allata (CA) of an insect is removed?

how to combat this problem?

A

no JH produced, development to forager role is delayed

injection of JH allows development to proceed as usual

17
Q

what 2 things play fundamental roles in bee ontogeny?

A

DNA methylation and juvenile hormone

18
Q

what happens when forager bees were added into a colony? what about young nurses?

A

added forager bees inhibited most young nurses from developing into foragers earlier, while added young nurses have no effect on the residents.

19
Q

added forager bees inhibited most young nurses from developing into foragers earlier - what causes this?

A

fatty acid ethyl oleate

  • inhibits early transition into forager
  • produced in foragers and transferred to nurses via crop/nectar.
20
Q

what is the armpit effect hypothesis?

A

an individual can reference their own odor against others to discriminate kin

21
Q

Caching birds have larger _______ than non-caching birds.

A

hippocampus

22
Q

taste aversion is adapted to _________ features of the environment, and not to arbitrary features with no link to food. Likewise, taste ______ be learned to be associated with shock.

A

relevant; no

23
Q

what are generalist and specialists in animal feeding?

A

generalist eats more than 1 type of food, will try different foods and is at higher food risks.

specialists only eat 1 type of food. little food risk.

24
Q

what is vasopressin?

A

hormone found in mammals’ brains during social affiliation

25
Q

what is V1a?

A

vasopression receptor found in ventral pallidum (VP). it is produced by avpr1a gene.

26
Q

which is more social? mountain or praire voles?

A

prairie. they have more V1a receptors, more avpr1a gene expression, which increases when male is in contact with female.

27
Q

mountain voles lack ___________ in the _______ gene, affectes its expression, thus they are less social.

A

regulation microsatellite; avpr1a

28
Q

administering vasopressin into brain affect ___ voles but not ___ voles.

A

prairie; mountain

29
Q

what is the password hypothesis?

species-specific ___ signals may be involved in the _______ of species that do not develop around their own kind.

A

vocal; ontogeny

30
Q

what is the below ability called?

ability to develop normally despite defective genes or rearing environment, a process that helps to produce reliably adaptive phenotype.

A

developmental homeostasis

31
Q

state the social experience hypothesis

A

animals need social experience to develop normal social behavior

32
Q

developmental constraints hypothesis states what?

A

individuals born in low quality environments experience reduced fitness later in life

33
Q

predictive adaptative response hypothesis states what?

this hypothesis can results from _______ effects which are influences from the environment and genotype of the mother.

A

individuals adjust their phenotype during development to match conditions later in life

maternal

34
Q

what is developmental plasticity?

A

potential of organism to develop different phenotypes depending on environmental conditions of development

35
Q

what are polyphenisms?

A

discrete phenotypes induced by envt of development that arise from a single genotype

36
Q

locusts forming massive swarms on rare occasions is a result of _______-induced ___________.

in high-density conditions, nymphs can ____ and _____ other locusts. It must be dense enought to allow repeated ________.

__________-receptors from _______ signal to _____, triggering genetic expression changes in cells. This triggers the production of _____________, which shifts the locusts from default green to black and yellow phenotype.

A

socially; polyphenism

see; hear; contact

mechano; hindlegs; CNS; serotonin

37
Q

what is a supergene?

A

a chromosomal inversion that leads to formation of a region of DNA containing many linked genes that cannot be recombined

animal behavior (3 decks)

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