genetics n development Flashcards
bird song learning influenced by ___ while song development influenced by ______.
genes; environmental factors
genes provide info for _____ potential, and then genes are either activated or not, depending on ______ features at varying stages of development.
phenotype; environmental
genetic info works tgt with changing internal and external __________, from cellular to _________.
environment; ecological
honey bees develop into different types of __ roles as they age
behavioral
in bees, what type has a genetic mechanism that responds to social environment?
worker
A. mellifera can develop into which 3 castes?
worker, drone, queen
there is evidence that DNA ______ at CpG sites affect queen development in bees.
development of queen associated to _____ processes during development.
methylation
epigenetic
what is Dnmt3?
DNA cytonsine-5-mthyltransferase
-enzyme that controls DNA methylation
how can Dnmt3 be silenced?
using interfering RNA, Dnmt3 can be silenced, stopping DNA methylation.
epigenetic modifications are changes to the _____ that do not alter DNA ___________.
these changes alter DNA ______, and thus regulate patterns of ____ _________________.
genome; sequences
availability; gene expression
what is gene expression?
process of DNA transcribing mRNA which is then translated into protein.
transcription + translation
Behavioral role types in bees relates to DNA ________ pattern, suggesting certain DNA segments are ________ or __________ depending on the bee’s ____.
methylation; activated; suppressed; caste
what is JH? regulates what? found where?
juvenile hormone - regulates development and behavior in insects, found in their blood.
JH is found in _____ conc. in nursees and _____ conc. in foragers.
If younger nurses treated with JH, what happens?
low; high
nurses become forages
where is JH produced?
CA - corpora allata
what happens if the corpora allata (CA) of an insect is removed?
how to combat this problem?
no JH produced, development to forager role is delayed
injection of JH allows development to proceed as usual
what 2 things play fundamental roles in bee ontogeny?
DNA methylation and juvenile hormone
what happens when forager bees were added into a colony? what about young nurses?
added forager bees inhibited most young nurses from developing into foragers earlier, while added young nurses have no effect on the residents.
added forager bees inhibited most young nurses from developing into foragers earlier - what causes this?
fatty acid ethyl oleate
- inhibits early transition into forager
- produced in foragers and transferred to nurses via crop/nectar.
what is the armpit effect hypothesis?
an individual can reference their own odor against others to discriminate kin
Caching birds have larger _______ than non-caching birds.
hippocampus
taste aversion is adapted to _________ features of the environment, and not to arbitrary features with no link to food. Likewise, taste ______ be learned to be associated with shock.
relevant; no
what are generalist and specialists in animal feeding?
generalist eats more than 1 type of food, will try different foods and is at higher food risks.
specialists only eat 1 type of food. little food risk.
what is vasopressin?
hormone found in mammals’ brains during social affiliation
what is V1a?
vasopression receptor found in ventral pallidum (VP). it is produced by avpr1a gene.
which is more social? mountain or praire voles?
prairie. they have more V1a receptors, more avpr1a gene expression, which increases when male is in contact with female.
mountain voles lack ___________ in the _______ gene, affectes its expression, thus they are less social.
regulation microsatellite; avpr1a
administering vasopressin into brain affect ___ voles but not ___ voles.
prairie; mountain
what is the password hypothesis?
species-specific ___ signals may be involved in the _______ of species that do not develop around their own kind.
vocal; ontogeny
what is the below ability called?
ability to develop normally despite defective genes or rearing environment, a process that helps to produce reliably adaptive phenotype.
developmental homeostasis
state the social experience hypothesis
animals need social experience to develop normal social behavior
developmental constraints hypothesis states what?
individuals born in low quality environments experience reduced fitness later in life
predictive adaptative response hypothesis states what?
this hypothesis can results from _______ effects which are influences from the environment and genotype of the mother.
individuals adjust their phenotype during development to match conditions later in life
maternal
what is developmental plasticity?
potential of organism to develop different phenotypes depending on environmental conditions of development
what are polyphenisms?
discrete phenotypes induced by envt of development that arise from a single genotype
locusts forming massive swarms on rare occasions is a result of _______-induced ___________.
in high-density conditions, nymphs can ____ and _____ other locusts. It must be dense enought to allow repeated ________.
__________-receptors from _______ signal to _____, triggering genetic expression changes in cells. This triggers the production of _____________, which shifts the locusts from default green to black and yellow phenotype.
socially; polyphenism
see; hear; contact
mechano; hindlegs; CNS; serotonin
what is a supergene?
a chromosomal inversion that leads to formation of a region of DNA containing many linked genes that cannot be recombined
