physiological basis of behavior

Question 1

endogenous clock hypothesis

Answer 1

internal timing mechanism
- not affected by surrounding envt
- built-in schedule that times animals’ behavior

Question 2

environmental stimulus hypothesis

Answer 2

feedback from surrounding envt changes animal’s priority for certain behavioural patterns overtime

Question 3

in an environmentally sustained temperature and 24h light cycle, crickets’ clock seems to delay the start of calling by ____ each day. This is the ____ effect. This means that crickets have an internal clock of ____ hours.

When put back into regular light, the calling will soon resume at _____ in a few days, about __ hours before dark.

Answer 3

1-2h; lag; 25-26

dusk; 2

Question 4

what is free running cycle?

Answer 4

cycle of activity that is not matched to envt cues

Question 5

when do crickets call via the free running cycle? in an environmentally sustained envt or in the wild?

**free running cycle - cycle of activity that is not matched to envt cues

Answer 5

environmentally sustained envt

Question 6

true or false. hormones does not play a role in circadian rhythms.

Answer 6

false. hormones can play an activational role in circadian rhythms

Question 7

sand crickets have polyphenism in circadian rhythm. what are they?

Answer 7

1. long-winged, flies during night, and right before that, exhibits JH in late afternoon
2. short-winged - flightless, forage on ground during day

Question 8

what is the difference in effects of ability of circadian rhythm between severing cricket’s eye from optic lobe and optic lobe from brain?

Answer 8

eye from optic lobe - cricket enters free runnning cycle, cannot entrain

optic lobe from brain - circadian rhythm breaks down completely

Question 9

the timed pacemaker is aka what and resides in the cricket’s where?

Answer 9

master clock

optic lobe

Question 10

what is the pathway for circadian rhythm?

Answer 10

envt cues –> sensory receptors –> pacemaker (master clock) –> behaviours (observed rhythms)

Question 11

circadian rhythms are controlled by __________ in ___________ of mammals

Answer 11

SCN (superchiasmatic nucleus); hypothalamus

Question 12

mutations of which 2 genes affect circadian rhythms?

Answer 12

tau and per

Question 13

in mice, ___ gene mutation shorten the wildtype 24h circadian rhythm to:

1) heterozygous mutants have _____ h cycle

2) homozygous mutants have ___ h cycle

Answer 13

tau

22

20

Question 14

does mutation in per gene affects mice or fruit flies’ circadian rhythms?

Answer 14

fruit flies

Question 15

what animal in the sldies dont have circadian rhythms? how is their activity like then?

Answer 15

naked mole rats (heterocephalus glaber)

irregularly timed, short periods of activity among long periods of rest

Question 16

does per gene varies between castes in bees?

Answer 16

yes.

those inside the hive and dont usually go outside (queen, nurses) have lower per gene expression compared to those actively outside (foragers) which have more due to their need for active circadian rhythms.

Question 17

circadian is for every day. what about every year?

Answer 17

circannual

Question 18

what creature has very strong circannual rhythm?

Answer 18

squirrels

Question 19

banner tailed kangaroo rats changes their nightly foraging patterns based on which 2 factors?

Answer 19

lunar cycle; predation threat

Question 20

peak photosensitivity to lght is hours _____ to ____ after dawn.

Answer 20

16-20

Question 21

what is reproductive readiness hypothesis

Answer 21

animals maintain reproductive readiness for most of the year so that if they encounter favorable conditions for reproduction they can respond by triggering gonad development

Question 22

outside of breeding season, seasonal finches have regressed ________ and less ____ hormone.

Answer 22

gonads; luteinising (LH)

Question 23

in non-seasonal finches, males have intermediate testis and LH during the year and females have small ovarian follicles but stable levels of LH. both males and females LH levels were higher than seasonal finches’. what does this mean?

Answer 23

non-seasonal finches are more ready for reproduction compared to seasonal finches, supporting the reproductive readiness hypothesis.

Question 24

what is the main hormone activating infanticide behavior?

Answer 24

progesterone

Question 25

female mice that have had past experience with subordinate male mice do/do not have preference for mates. those that have past experience with dominant males have/do not have preference for the same.

Answer 25

do not have

have

Question 26

progesterone levels in mice decreases/increases from inexperienced male to mated without pups to father?

Answer 26

decreases

Question 26

what is the main sensation that cause female mice to prefer dominant mice if they have past experience with dominant ones before?

Answer 26

smell

pheromones and odors of dominant males

Question 27

which stage of the mouse has highest level of testosterone? which has the lowest?

Answer 27

mated without pups - highest

father - lowest

Question 28

fruit flies become unreceptive after mating, a change triggered by ____.

Answer 28

sex peptide (SP)

Question 29

associative vs dissociative reproductive pattern

Answer 29

associative - peak sex hormone levels correlated in time with mating activity

dissociative - peak sex hormone levels not are correlated in time with mating activity

Question 30

do british red deer and green anoles have associative or dissociative reproductive patterns?

Answer 30

associative

Question 31

what is the challenge hypothesis?

Answer 31

T promotes aggression when it should be for reproduction, eg. mate guarding, repelling rivals

Question 32

testosterone is a trade off between reproductive readiness and survival. state 2 costs of testosterone.

Answer 32

1. reduces immune function
2. in vertebrates, males more likely to be harboring infections of bacteria, viruses and parasites
3. chimpanzee males with highter T have greater diversity of worms
4. dark-eyed junco males with higher T exhibit less paternal care to their young

Question 33

which throat color of the common side blotched lizard is less likely to survive the mating season? most likely to survive?

Answer 33

least likely to survive - orange

most likely to survive - yellow

Question 34

does the red-sided garter snake have associative or dissociative reproductive pattern?

Answer 34

dissociative - T does not affect mating/aggression

Question 35

mating in red-sided garter snake has a dissociative reproductive pattern which means T does not affect mating/aggression. mating in this case is activated by what?

Answer 35

prolonged period of low temp dormancy, followed by warm temp

Question 36

how do T levels affect mating in red-sided garter snake in the long term?

Answer 36

castrated males with no T levels cease mating after a few years

Question 37

in red-sided garter snake, what enzyme is present in high levels in the brain during spring emergence?

in which part of the brain is this enzyme present?

what does it trigger?

Answer 37

aromatase

olfactory

male attraction to female pheromone

Question 38

_________ are referred to as stress hormones in animals. they play an activating role through the ______.

Answer 38

glucocorticoids (GC)

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)

Question 39

what is the HPA?

Answer 39

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 40

in hierarchical societies, dominants show ___ GC while those who must continually fight for power and survival show ____ GC.

Answer 40

low; high

Question 41

social support reduce/increase HPA activity.

Answer 41

reduces