physiological basis of behavior Flashcards
endogenous clock hypothesis
internal timing mechanism
- not affected by surrounding envt
- built-in schedule that times animals’ behavior
environmental stimulus hypothesis
feedback from surrounding envt changes animal’s priority for certain behavioural patterns overtime
in an environmentally sustained temperature and 24h light cycle, crickets’ clock seems to delay the start of calling by ____ each day. This is the ____ effect. This means that crickets have an internal clock of ____ hours.
When put back into regular light, the calling will soon resume at _____ in a few days, about __ hours before dark.
1-2h; lag; 25-26
dusk; 2
what is free running cycle?
cycle of activity that is not matched to envt cues
when do crickets call via the free running cycle? in an environmentally sustained envt or in the wild?
**free running cycle - cycle of activity that is not matched to envt cues
environmentally sustained envt
true or false. hormones does not play a role in circadian rhythms.
false. hormones can play an activational role in circadian rhythms
sand crickets have polyphenism in circadian rhythm. what are they?
- long-winged, flies during night, and right before that, exhibits JH in late afternoon
- short-winged - flightless, forage on ground during day
what is the difference in effects of ability of circadian rhythm between severing cricket’s eye from optic lobe and optic lobe from brain?
eye from optic lobe - cricket enters free runnning cycle, cannot entrain
optic lobe from brain - circadian rhythm breaks down completely
the timed pacemaker is aka what and resides in the cricket’s where?
master clock
optic lobe
what is the pathway for circadian rhythm?
envt cues –> sensory receptors –> pacemaker (master clock) –> behaviours (observed rhythms)
circadian rhythms are controlled by __________ in ___________ of mammals
SCN (superchiasmatic nucleus); hypothalamus
mutations of which 2 genes affect circadian rhythms?
tau and per
in mice, ___ gene mutation shorten the wildtype 24h circadian rhythm to:
1) heterozygous mutants have _____ h cycle
2) homozygous mutants have ___ h cycle
tau
22
20
does mutation in per gene affects mice or fruit flies’ circadian rhythms?
fruit flies
what animal in the sldies dont have circadian rhythms? how is their activity like then?
naked mole rats (heterocephalus glaber)
irregularly timed, short periods of activity among long periods of rest
does per gene varies between castes in bees?
yes.
those inside the hive and dont usually go outside (queen, nurses) have lower per gene expression compared to those actively outside (foragers) which have more due to their need for active circadian rhythms.
circadian is for every day. what about every year?
circannual
what creature has very strong circannual rhythm?
squirrels
banner tailed kangaroo rats changes their nightly foraging patterns based on which 2 factors?
lunar cycle; predation threat
peak photosensitivity to lght is hours _____ to ____ after dawn.
16-20
what is reproductive readiness hypothesis
animals maintain reproductive readiness for most of the year so that if they encounter favorable conditions for reproduction they can respond by triggering gonad development
outside of breeding season, seasonal finches have regressed ________ and less ____ hormone.
gonads; luteinising (LH)
in non-seasonal finches, males have intermediate testis and LH during the year and females have small ovarian follicles but stable levels of LH. both males and females LH levels were higher than seasonal finches’. what does this mean?
non-seasonal finches are more ready for reproduction compared to seasonal finches, supporting the reproductive readiness hypothesis.
what is the main hormone activating infanticide behavior?
progesterone