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3rd year > Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the female pelvis

A 
Shallow greater pelvis 
Wide and shallow Lesser pelvis 
Pelvic inlet is oval and rounded 
Pelvic outlet is coparatively large
Subpubic angle is obtuse 
Obturator foramen is small
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2
Q

Describe the male pelvis

A 
Greater pelvis is deep 
Lesser pelvis is narrow and deep 
Pelvic inlet is heart shaped 
Pelvis outlet is comparatively small 
Subpubic angle is acute 
Obturator foramen is bigger.
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3
Q

What type of joint is the 1. Sacroiliac 2. Pubic symphysis

A
  1. Synovial Plane

2. Secondary Cartilaginous

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4
Q

Which muscle occupies the lateral pelvic wall?

A

Obturator internus

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5
Q

Which muscle is present in the posterior wall?

A

Coccygeus

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6
Q

What are 2 functions of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Aids in micturition

Supports pelvic viscera.

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7
Q

What is the innervation of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Branches of the pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)

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8
Q

What distributes blood to most of the pelvic organs?

A

Branches of the right and left internal iliac artery except testis, ovary and upper rectum.

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9
Q

What artery supplies the bladder, seminal gland and the prostate?

A

Superior and inferior vesical.

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10
Q

What does the uterine artery supply?

A

Pelvic part of the ureter.

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11
Q

What artery supplies the testis and ovaries?

A

Gonadal - testicular or ovarian.

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12
Q

What does the superior rectal artery supply?

A

Sigmoid mesocolon.

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13
Q

What supplies the rectum and prostate?

A

Middle and inferior rectal arteries.

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14
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery supply?

A

Main artery to the perineum.

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15
Q

What does the obturator artery supply?

A

Pelvic muscles.

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16
Q

What is the obturator artery, uterine artery and middle and inferior rectal branch of?

A

Internal iliac.

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17
Q

What supplies the vagina and inferior bladder?

A

Vaginal artery - branch of uterine artery.

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18
Q

What are the 5 different veins responsible for venous drainage of pelvic structures?

A 
Internal iliac
Superior rectal 
Median sacral
Gonadal 
Internal vertebral venous plexus.
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19
Q
  1. Which part of the rectum drains into portal circulation?

2. Which part of the rectum drains into systemic circulation?

A
  1. Upper and middle third

2. Lower third

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20
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve 1. originate 2. enter 3. supply?

A
  1. L1
  2. Enters into inguinal canal at superficial inguinal ring.
  3. Supplies skin at root of penis and labia.
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21
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve originate?

A

L1-2 - enters deep inguinal ring.

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22
Q

What structures in male are supplied by genital branch of genito-femoral nerve?

A

Ant skin of scrotum and cremaster muscle.

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23
Q

Where does the pudendal nerve arise and what does it innervate?

A

Arises from sacral plexus (S2,3,4) and follows the course of the pudendal artery.
Innervates the skin and muscles of the perineum.

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24
Q

What sympathetic fibres supply the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymis?

A

L1, L2 via hypogastric plexus.

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25
Q

What symp and parasymp supply the female genital tract?

A

Symp nerves from pelvic and ovarian plexus and parasymp from splanchnic nerves (S2,3,4).

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26
Q

Parasympathetic fibres from S2,3,4 innervate what?

A

Via the hypogastric plexus - innervate erectile tissues.

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27
Q

What drains into external iliac lymph nodes?

A

Superior part of anterior pelvic organs.

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28
Q

Where does the gluteal region, deep perineum and inferior pelvic viscrea drain to?

A

Internal iliac lymph nodes.

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29
Q

What drains into the sacral lymph nodes?

A

Posterior-inferior pelvic organs.

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30
Q

What drains into the common iliac lymph nodes?

A

External, internal and sacral lymph nodes.

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31
Q

What are the male reproductive organs?

A 
Testis
Ductus deferens (vas deference) 
Seminal glands 
Prostate 
Epididymis 
Bulbourethral glands
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32
Q

Where are the gonads located in the male?

A

Outside the abdominopelvic cavity, but remain intimately connected to the structures located inside. (inguinal canal)

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33
Q

The inguinal canal carries a group of structures known as the spermatic cord - what is the main contents?

A

Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery and vein

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34
Q

What is the tough outer fibrous layer of the testis? And what are the 2 layers? What material is between the 2 layers?

A

Tunica Vaginalis
Vaginalis and albuginea
Peritoneal fluid

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35
Q

What supplies blood to the testes?

A

Testicular artery - arises at L2 from abdominal aorta.

36
Q

What are the 8-12 anastomosing veins associated with the testis called and what is their function?

A

Pampinform venous plexus

Cool down arterial blood travelling to the testis.

37
Q

Into what vein does the Right testicular artery drain?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

38
Q

Into which vein does the Left testicular artery drain?

A

Left renal vein.

39
Q

Which two lymph node groups receive lymph from the testes?

A

Para-aortic

Internal iliac

40
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

Muscular tube that arises from tail of epididymis - enters pelvis by crossing over the external iliac vessels.
Forms ejaculatory duct with seminal gland.

41
Q

What are the seminal vesicles (glands) ?

A

Paired structures located on either side of posterior surface of the bladder. They produce semen.

42
Q

Where is the prostate located and what secretions does it produce?

A

Fused to inferior part of bladder and surrounds prostatic urethra.
Produces prostatic fluid which contributes to volume of semen.
Drainage from prostatic venous plexus.

43
Q

What are the bulbourethral glands?

A

Small, paired structures located in urogenital diaphragm which empty into the spongy urethra.

44
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the prostate?

A

Internal iliac and sacral nodes

45
Q

Where does the seminal vesicle drain into?

A

External and internal iliac nodes

46
Q

Where does the scrotum drain lymph into?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

47
Q

Where does the penis drain lymph into?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

48
Q

What 3 structures make up the birth canal?

A

Cervix, Vagina, Vuluva

49
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Peritoneum
Myometrium
Endometrium

50
Q

What is the blood supply to the uterus?

A

Uterine artery - branch of the internal iliac

Ovarian artery - branch of abdominal aorta

51
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A

Anteflexed and anteverted.

52
Q

What are the fornices of the vagina?

A

Superior parts of vagina that extend into a recess created by cervix.

53
Q

What are the ligaments that anchor the uterus and cervix?

A

Ligament of ovary
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Round ligament of uterus
Broad ligament

54
Q

Which ligament is the main support of the uterus?

A

Cardinal ligament of the uterus - Lateral cervical liagament.

55
Q

What supports the uterus?

A

Pelvic fascia and muscles of pelvic wall.

56
Q

What are the 4 parts of the uterine tubes?

A

Infundibulum
Flimbriae
Ampulla (fertilisation / longest and widest)
Intramural part.

57
Q

What are the 2 ligaments associated with the ovaries?

A
  1. From uterus to ovary - ligament of ovary

2. Ovary to lateral pelvic wall - suspensory ligament of ovary.

58
Q

What is the blood supply to the gonads and genitalia?

A

2 major branches from aorta - gonadal (L2) and internal iliac.

59
Q

Where does the ovarian artery descends?

A

Within suspensory ligament to supply the ovaries via the broad ligament. Freely anastomoses with the uterine artery and may be replaced by it.

60
Q

Where does the left gonadal veins drain?

A

Left renal vein

61
Q

Where does the right gonadal vein drain?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

62
Q

Lymph from the labia and distal part of the vagina drain into which group of lymph nodes?

A

External iliac and superficial inguinal nodes.

63
Q

Where does lymph from ovaries go?

A

Para-aortic nodes.

64
Q

Where does the fundus and upper uterine body drain into?

A

Pre-aortic lymph nodes

65
Q

Where does most of the uterine body drain into?

A

External iliac nodes

66
Q

Where does the cervix and upper vagina drain into?

A

Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes.

67
Q

Where does the lower vagina drain into?

A

Sacral and common iliac nodes.

68
Q

Where are the breasts located?

A

Extend vertically from 2nd rib to 6th.
Horizontally from lateral border of sternum to anterior axillary line.
Deep surface related to pectoralis minor, serratus anterior and pectoralis major.

69
Q

What supplies blood to the mammary gland?

A

Extremely vascular - branches of subclavian and axillary arteries.

70
Q

What are the main lymph nodes draining the breast?

A

Axillary-lateral (first)
Parasternal
Supraclavicular nodes

71
Q

What are the 4 functions of the placenta?

A

Gaseous exchange
Metabolism
Transport of nutrients
Endocrine secretions

72
Q

When does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?

A

3rd stage of labour after delivery of fetus.

73
Q

What can be seen on cross section of umbilical cord?

A

2 umbilical arteries - give O2 and nutrients to fetus.
1 umbilical vein - carries O2 and waste away from fetus.

Contains Whartains jelly.

74
Q

Perineum - 1. which triangle lies inferior to pubic symphysis?
2. Which triangle lies anteroinferior to the coccyx?

A
  1. Urogenital triangle.

2. Anal triangle

75
Q

What is the name of the fascia that stretches between right and left sides of pubic arch, below pubic symphsis?

A

Perineal membrane

76
Q

What innervates the external anal sphincter and what does it do?

A

Branch of pudendal nerve

Constricts anal canal during peristalsis and resists defeacation.

77
Q

What innervates the bulbospongiousus and what does it do?

A

Muscular branch of perianal and pudendal nerve.

Compresses bulb of penis excel urine and semen.

78
Q

What innervates the ischiocavernousus and what is its action?

A

Muscular branch of perianal and pudendal nerve.

Maintains erection.

79
Q

What innervates the superficial transverse perineal and what is it actions?

A

Muscular branch of perianal and pudendal nerve.

Support and fix perineal body.

80
Q

What innervates external urethral sphincter and what are its actions?

A

Terminal branch of pudendal nerve (S2, 4)

Compress urethra to maintain urinary continence.

81
Q

What is the perineal body and what is its clinical significance?

A

Pyramidal fibromuscular mass.

Tear resistant body.

82
Q

Is the external urethra sphincter voluntary?

A

Yes, innervated by S2,3,4.

83
Q

Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary?

A

No, involuntary, innervated by pudendal nerves.

84
Q

What are the 3 parts of male urethra?

A

Spongy
Urethral / prostatic
Membranous part

85
Q

What is the 1. widest and 2. narrowest part of male urethra?

A
  1. Prostatic

2. Membranous

86
Q

What does the ischial-anal fossae allow?

A

Anal canal to expand during defaecation.

87
Q

What structures are present in the neurovascular bundle in ischio-anal canal?

A

Internal pudendal artery, vein and nerve.

3rd year (22 decks)

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