Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards
Describe the female pelvis
Shallow greater pelvis Wide and shallow Lesser pelvis Pelvic inlet is oval and rounded Pelvic outlet is coparatively large Subpubic angle is obtuse Obturator foramen is small
Describe the male pelvis
Greater pelvis is deep Lesser pelvis is narrow and deep Pelvic inlet is heart shaped Pelvis outlet is comparatively small Subpubic angle is acute Obturator foramen is bigger.
What type of joint is the 1. Sacroiliac 2. Pubic symphysis
- Synovial Plane
2. Secondary Cartilaginous
Which muscle occupies the lateral pelvic wall?
Obturator internus
Which muscle is present in the posterior wall?
Coccygeus
What are 2 functions of the pelvic diaphragm?
Aids in micturition
Supports pelvic viscera.
What is the innervation of the pelvic diaphragm?
Branches of the pudendal nerve (S2,3,4)
What distributes blood to most of the pelvic organs?
Branches of the right and left internal iliac artery except testis, ovary and upper rectum.
What artery supplies the bladder, seminal gland and the prostate?
Superior and inferior vesical.
What does the uterine artery supply?
Pelvic part of the ureter.
What artery supplies the testis and ovaries?
Gonadal - testicular or ovarian.
What does the superior rectal artery supply?
Sigmoid mesocolon.
What supplies the rectum and prostate?
Middle and inferior rectal arteries.
What does the internal pudendal artery supply?
Main artery to the perineum.
What does the obturator artery supply?
Pelvic muscles.
What is the obturator artery, uterine artery and middle and inferior rectal branch of?
Internal iliac.
What supplies the vagina and inferior bladder?
Vaginal artery - branch of uterine artery.
What are the 5 different veins responsible for venous drainage of pelvic structures?
Internal iliac Superior rectal Median sacral Gonadal Internal vertebral venous plexus.
- Which part of the rectum drains into portal circulation?
2. Which part of the rectum drains into systemic circulation?
- Upper and middle third
2. Lower third
Where does the ilioinguinal nerve 1. originate 2. enter 3. supply?
- L1
- Enters into inguinal canal at superficial inguinal ring.
- Supplies skin at root of penis and labia.
Where does the genitofemoral nerve originate?
L1-2 - enters deep inguinal ring.
What structures in male are supplied by genital branch of genito-femoral nerve?
Ant skin of scrotum and cremaster muscle.
Where does the pudendal nerve arise and what does it innervate?
Arises from sacral plexus (S2,3,4) and follows the course of the pudendal artery.
Innervates the skin and muscles of the perineum.
What sympathetic fibres supply the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymis?
L1, L2 via hypogastric plexus.
What symp and parasymp supply the female genital tract?
Symp nerves from pelvic and ovarian plexus and parasymp from splanchnic nerves (S2,3,4).
Parasympathetic fibres from S2,3,4 innervate what?
Via the hypogastric plexus - innervate erectile tissues.
What drains into external iliac lymph nodes?
Superior part of anterior pelvic organs.
Where does the gluteal region, deep perineum and inferior pelvic viscrea drain to?
Internal iliac lymph nodes.
What drains into the sacral lymph nodes?
Posterior-inferior pelvic organs.
What drains into the common iliac lymph nodes?
External, internal and sacral lymph nodes.
What are the male reproductive organs?
Testis Ductus deferens (vas deference) Seminal glands Prostate Epididymis Bulbourethral glands
Where are the gonads located in the male?
Outside the abdominopelvic cavity, but remain intimately connected to the structures located inside. (inguinal canal)
The inguinal canal carries a group of structures known as the spermatic cord - what is the main contents?
Vas deferens
Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery and vein
What is the tough outer fibrous layer of the testis? And what are the 2 layers? What material is between the 2 layers?
Tunica Vaginalis
Vaginalis and albuginea
Peritoneal fluid
What supplies blood to the testes?
Testicular artery - arises at L2 from abdominal aorta.
What are the 8-12 anastomosing veins associated with the testis called and what is their function?
Pampinform venous plexus
Cool down arterial blood travelling to the testis.
Into what vein does the Right testicular artery drain?
Inferior Vena Cava
Into which vein does the Left testicular artery drain?
Left renal vein.
Which two lymph node groups receive lymph from the testes?
Para-aortic
Internal iliac
What is the vas deferens?
Muscular tube that arises from tail of epididymis - enters pelvis by crossing over the external iliac vessels.
Forms ejaculatory duct with seminal gland.
What are the seminal vesicles (glands) ?
Paired structures located on either side of posterior surface of the bladder. They produce semen.
Where is the prostate located and what secretions does it produce?
Fused to inferior part of bladder and surrounds prostatic urethra.
Produces prostatic fluid which contributes to volume of semen.
Drainage from prostatic venous plexus.
What are the bulbourethral glands?
Small, paired structures located in urogenital diaphragm which empty into the spongy urethra.
What is the lymphatic drainage of the prostate?
Internal iliac and sacral nodes
Where does the seminal vesicle drain into?
External and internal iliac nodes
Where does the scrotum drain lymph into?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Where does the penis drain lymph into?
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes.
What 3 structures make up the birth canal?
Cervix, Vagina, Vuluva
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
Peritoneum
Myometrium
Endometrium
What is the blood supply to the uterus?
Uterine artery - branch of the internal iliac
Ovarian artery - branch of abdominal aorta
What is the normal position of the uterus?
Anteflexed and anteverted.
What are the fornices of the vagina?
Superior parts of vagina that extend into a recess created by cervix.
What are the ligaments that anchor the uterus and cervix?
Ligament of ovary
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Round ligament of uterus
Broad ligament
Which ligament is the main support of the uterus?
Cardinal ligament of the uterus - Lateral cervical liagament.
What supports the uterus?
Pelvic fascia and muscles of pelvic wall.
What are the 4 parts of the uterine tubes?
Infundibulum
Flimbriae
Ampulla (fertilisation / longest and widest)
Intramural part.
What are the 2 ligaments associated with the ovaries?
- From uterus to ovary - ligament of ovary
2. Ovary to lateral pelvic wall - suspensory ligament of ovary.
What is the blood supply to the gonads and genitalia?
2 major branches from aorta - gonadal (L2) and internal iliac.
Where does the ovarian artery descends?
Within suspensory ligament to supply the ovaries via the broad ligament. Freely anastomoses with the uterine artery and may be replaced by it.
Where does the left gonadal veins drain?
Left renal vein
Where does the right gonadal vein drain?
Inferior Vena Cava
Lymph from the labia and distal part of the vagina drain into which group of lymph nodes?
External iliac and superficial inguinal nodes.
Where does lymph from ovaries go?
Para-aortic nodes.
Where does the fundus and upper uterine body drain into?
Pre-aortic lymph nodes
Where does most of the uterine body drain into?
External iliac nodes
Where does the cervix and upper vagina drain into?
Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes.
Where does the lower vagina drain into?
Sacral and common iliac nodes.
Where are the breasts located?
Extend vertically from 2nd rib to 6th.
Horizontally from lateral border of sternum to anterior axillary line.
Deep surface related to pectoralis minor, serratus anterior and pectoralis major.
What supplies blood to the mammary gland?
Extremely vascular - branches of subclavian and axillary arteries.
What are the main lymph nodes draining the breast?
Axillary-lateral (first)
Parasternal
Supraclavicular nodes
What are the 4 functions of the placenta?
Gaseous exchange
Metabolism
Transport of nutrients
Endocrine secretions
When does the placenta physiologically separate from the uterine wall?
3rd stage of labour after delivery of fetus.
What can be seen on cross section of umbilical cord?
2 umbilical arteries - give O2 and nutrients to fetus.
1 umbilical vein - carries O2 and waste away from fetus.
Contains Whartains jelly.
Perineum - 1. which triangle lies inferior to pubic symphysis?
2. Which triangle lies anteroinferior to the coccyx?
- Urogenital triangle.
2. Anal triangle
What is the name of the fascia that stretches between right and left sides of pubic arch, below pubic symphsis?
Perineal membrane
What innervates the external anal sphincter and what does it do?
Branch of pudendal nerve
Constricts anal canal during peristalsis and resists defeacation.
What innervates the bulbospongiousus and what does it do?
Muscular branch of perianal and pudendal nerve.
Compresses bulb of penis excel urine and semen.
What innervates the ischiocavernousus and what is its action?
Muscular branch of perianal and pudendal nerve.
Maintains erection.
What innervates the superficial transverse perineal and what is it actions?
Muscular branch of perianal and pudendal nerve.
Support and fix perineal body.
What innervates external urethral sphincter and what are its actions?
Terminal branch of pudendal nerve (S2, 4)
Compress urethra to maintain urinary continence.
What is the perineal body and what is its clinical significance?
Pyramidal fibromuscular mass.
Tear resistant body.
Is the external urethra sphincter voluntary?
Yes, innervated by S2,3,4.
Is the internal urethral sphincter voluntary?
No, involuntary, innervated by pudendal nerves.
What are the 3 parts of male urethra?
Spongy
Urethral / prostatic
Membranous part
What is the 1. widest and 2. narrowest part of male urethra?
- Prostatic
2. Membranous
What does the ischial-anal fossae allow?
Anal canal to expand during defaecation.
What structures are present in the neurovascular bundle in ischio-anal canal?
Internal pudendal artery, vein and nerve.
