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Anatomy > Reproductive Anatomy > Flashcards

Reproductive Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the component parts of the superior pelvic aperture/pelvic inlet/pelvic brim?

A

Sacral promontory Ala of the sacrum Arcuate line of ileum Pecten pubis Pubic tubercle Pubic crest Pubic symphysis

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2
Q

What are the component parts of the inferior pelvic aperture/pelvic outlet?

A

Inferior margin of pubic symphysis Inferior rami of pubis Sacrotuberous ligaments Tip of coccyx

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3
Q

How does the greater pelvis differ in females and males?

A

Females- shallow Males- deep

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4
Q

How does the lesser pelvis differ in females and males?

A

Females- Wide and shallow Males- Narrow and deep

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5
Q

How does the pelvic inlet differ in females and males?

A

Females- oval/rounded Males- heart-shaped

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6
Q

How does the pelvic outlet differ in females and males?

A

Females- Larger Males- Smaller

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7
Q

How does the subpubic angle differ in females and males?

A

Females- Obtuse Males- Acute

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8
Q

How does the obturator foramen differ in females and males?

A

Females- Oval Males- Round

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9
Q

How does the acetabulum differ in females and males?

A

Females- Small Males- Large

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10
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

Anteriorly- synovial plane Posteriorly- Syndesmosis

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11
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

Secondary cartilaginous- symphysis

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12
Q

What makes up the anterior inferior wall of the pelvic cavity?

A

Bodies and rami of pubic bones and pubic symphysis

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13
Q

Which structures occupy the lateral pelvic wall?

A

Obturator internus muscles

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14
Q

What muscle is present in the posterior wall of the pelvis?

A

Piriformis

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15
Q

What nerve network lies on piriformis?

A

The sacral plexus

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16
Q

What are the functions of the pelvic floor muscles?

A

Support abdominopelvic viscera Urinary and fecal continence Resistance to increase of intra-abdominal/pelvic pressure

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17
Q

What are the perineal and anococcygeal bodies?

A

Ligaments

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18
Q

What are the major parts of the pelvic floor muscles?

A

Levator ani Coccygeus

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19
Q

What innervates the pelvic floor?

A

Sacral plexus

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20
Q

What is a cystoceole?

A

A prolapse of the upper anterior vaginal wall involving the bladder

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21
Q

What is a rectocoele?

A

A prolapse of the lower posterior wall of the vagina involving the rectum bulging forwards into the vagina

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22
Q

What arteries supply most of the pelvic viscera, and what organs do they not supply?

A

Right and left internal iliac arteries Do not supply testes, ovaries or upper part of rectum

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23
Q

What artery supplies the bladder, seminal gland and prostate?

A

Superior and inferior vesical arteries

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24
Q

What are the origins of the superior and inferior vesical arteries?

A

Superior vesical artery- patent part of umbilical artery Inferior vesical artery- anterior division of internal iliac artery

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25
Q

What artery supplies the pelvic ureter, uterus, ligament of uterus, uterine tube and vagina?

A

Uterine artery

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26
Q

What artery is the uterine artery a branch of?

A

Anterior division of internal iliac artery

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27
Q

What artery supplies the testes and ovaries?

A

Gonadal (testicular or ovarian)

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28
Q

What artery is the gonadal artery a branch of?

A

Abdominal aorta

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29
Q

What artery supplies the rectum?

A

Superior rectal artery

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30
Q

What artery is the superior rectal artery a branch of?

A

Anterior iliac artery

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31
Q

What artery supplies the seminal glands, prostate and rectum?

A

Middle and inferior rectal arteries

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32
Q

What artery are the middle and inferior rectal arteries a branch of?

A

Internal iliac artery

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33
Q

What artery supplies the vagina and inferior part of the bladder?

A

Vaginal artery

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34
Q

What artery is the vaginal artery a branch of?

A

Uterine artery

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35
Q

What is the main artery to the perineum?

A

Internal pudendal artery

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36
Q

What artery is the internal pudendal artery a branch of?

A

Anterior division of internal iliac artery

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37
Q

What artery supplies the pelvic muscles and head of femur?

A

Obturator artery

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38
Q

What artery is the obturator artery a branch of?

A

Intenral iliac artery

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39
Q

What do the superior and inferior vesical arteries supply?

A

Bladder Seminal glands Prostate

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40
Q

What does the uterine artery supply?

A

Pelvic ureter Uterus Ligaments of uterus Uterine tube Vagina

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41
Q

What do the gonadal arteries supply?

A

Testes or ovaries

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42
Q

What does the superior rectal artery supply?

A

Rectum

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43
Q

What do the middle and inferior rectal arteries supply?

A

Seminal glands Prostate Rectum

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44
Q

What does the vaginal artery supply?

A

Vagina Inferior part of urinary bladder

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45
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery supply?

A

Perineum

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46
Q

What does the obturator artery supply?

A

Pelvic muscles Head of femur

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47
Q

What are the five veins that drain the pelvis?

A

Internal iliac veins Superior rectal veins Median sacral vein Gonadal veins Internal vertebral venous plexus

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48
Q

Which rectal vein drains into the portal circulation?

A

Superior rectal vein

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49
Q

Which rectal veins drain into the systemic circulation?

A

Inferior and middle rectal veins

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50
Q

What is the clinical significance of the pelvic veins?

A

Haemorrhoids

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51
Q

With which venous plexus does the prostatic venous plexus communicate with on its posterior side?

A

Vertebral venous plexus (causes bone mets in prostate cancer)

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52
Q

What makes up the somatic component of the nerve supply to the reproductive organs?

A

Illioinguinal nerve + genitofemoral nerve

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53
Q

Where does the illioinguinal nerve originate?

A

L1

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54
Q

Where does the ilioinguinal nerve enter the inguinal canal?

A

At the superficial inguinal ring

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55
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve supply?

A

The skin at the root of the penis or the labia

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56
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve originate?

A

L1-L2

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57
Q

Where does the genitofemoral nerve enter the inguinal canal?

A

Deep inguinal ring

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58
Q

What structure is supplied by the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve?

A

The anterior aspect of the scrotum

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59
Q

Where does the pudendal nerve arise from?

A

From S2-S4 via the sacral plexus

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60
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymis in males?

A

L1 and L2 via the hypogastric plexus

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61
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the female genital tract?

A

Ovarian and pelvic plexuses

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62
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the female genital tract?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)

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63
Q

What is the innervation of male and female erectile tissues?

A

Parasympathetic fibres from S2-S4 via the hypogastric plexus

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64
Q

What region do the external iliac lymph nodes drain?

A

Pelvic viscera (especially superior parts of anterior pelvic organs)

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65
Q

What region do the internal iliac lymph nodes drain?

A

Gluteal region, deep perineum and inferior pelvic viscera

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66
Q

What region do the sacral lymph nodes drain?

A

Postero-inferior pelvic viscera

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67
Q

What nodes do the common iliac lymph nodes drain?

A

External iliac nodes Internal iliac nodes Sacral nodes

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68
Q

Why are the testicles located outside of the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

For temperature regulation

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69
Q

What are the main contents of the spermatic cord?

A

Ductus deferens Testicular artery Artery of ductus deferens Cremasteric artery Pampiniform venous plexus Lymphatic vessels Sympathetic nerve fibres Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

70
Q

What is the tough outer layer of the testis called?

A

Tunica albuginea

71
Q

What is the name of the peritoneal sac covering the testis?

A

Tunica vaginalis

72
Q

What are the two divisions of tunica vaginalis?

A

Visceral layer Parietal layer

73
Q

What is present between the two layers of tunica vaginalis?

A

Fluid

74
Q

What artery do the testicular arteries arise from? At what vertebral level does this happen?

A

From the abdominal aorta at L2

75
Q

What structures do the testicular arteries cross before reaching the inguinal canal?

A

Ureters External iliac arteries

76
Q

What veins drain the testis>

A

The pampiniform venous plexus

77
Q

What is the function of the pampiniform venous plexus

A

Involved in thermoregulation of testes

78
Q

Into which vein does the right testicular vein drain?

A

Inferior vena cava

79
Q

Into which vein does the left testicular vein drain?

A

Left renal vein

80
Q

Which lymph node groups receive lymph from the testis?

A

Right/left lumbar Para-aortic

81
Q

What is the course of the vas deferens

A

Arises from the tail of the epididymis Traverses inguinal canal Enters the pelvis by crossing the external iliac vessels Terminates by joining the duct of the seminal gland to form the ejaculatory duct

82
Q

What is produced by the seminal vesicles?

A

Seminal fluid

83
Q

What are the anatomical relations of the prostate?

A

Fused to the neck of the bladder Surrounds the prostatic urethra

84
Q

What is produced by the prostate?

A

Prostatic fluid

85
Q

Where do the bublourethral glands empty in to?

A

The penile urethra

86
Q

What is secreted by the bulbourethral glands?

A

Cowper’s fluid

87
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the prostate?

A

Internal iliac and sacral nodes

88
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the seminal vesicles?

A

Iliac lymph nodes Superior part of vesicles to external iliac nodes, inferior to internal

89
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the scrotum?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

90
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the penis?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes

91
Q

What structures constitute the birth canal?

A

Vulva Cervix Vagina

92
Q

What are the layers of the uterus, from outermost to innermost?

A

Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium

93
Q

From what area of the uterine body does the lower segment develop from during pregnancy?

A

The isthmus

94
Q

How does the round ligament appear?

A

Fibrous appearance

95
Q

Where does the ovarian ligament run between?

A

Ovaries and uterus

96
Q

What is the appearance of the ovarian suspensory ligaements?

A

Hollow with ovarian vessels inside

97
Q

Where is the round ligament of the uterus found?

A

Between the two sheets of the broad ligament

98
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A

Anteflexed Anteverted

99
Q

What can happen if the uterus is retroverted and retroflexed, especially in early pregnancy?

A

Urinary incontinence Miscarriage

100
Q

Why is it important to know the position of the uterus prior to instrumental delivery?

A

To avoid perforation of the uterus with instrumentation

101
Q

Where does the rectouterine space lie?

A

Between the rectum and the uterus

102
Q

Where does the uterovesical space lie?

A

Between the bladder and the uterus

103
Q

What are the fornices of the vagina?

A

Anterior Posterior Lateral

104
Q

Through which vaginal fornix can the rectouterine puch be accessed?

A

Posterior vaginal fornix

105
Q

What structures support the uterus?

A

Pelvic fascia Muscles of pelvic floor

106
Q

What is the cardinal ligament of the uterus?

A

Transverse cervical ligament

107
Q

What are the parts of the uterine tubes?

A

Infundibulum Ampulla Isthmus Intramural/uterine part

108
Q

Which is the longest and widest part of the uterine tubes?

A

Ampulla

109
Q

Where does fertilisation occur?

A

In the ampulla of the uterine tubes

110
Q

What are the ligaments associated with the ovaries?

A

Ligament of ovary Suspensory ovarian ligament

111
Q

Where does the ligament of the ovary run between?

A

From the uterus to ovaries

112
Q

Where does the suspensory ovarian ligament run between?

A

From ovaries to lateral pelvic wall

113
Q

What branches of the abdominal aorta supply the gonads and genitalia?

A

Gonadal and internal iliac arteries

114
Q

At what vertebral level do the gonadal arteries originate?

A

L2

115
Q

In what structure does the ovarian artery descend?

A

Within the suspensory ligament and supplies ovarie via broad ligament

116
Q

Into what vein does the left ovarian vein drain?

A

Left renal vein

117
Q

Into what vein does the right ovarian vein drain?

A

Inferior vena cava

118
Q

Where does the uterine artery cross over the ureter?

A

At the level of the ischial spine at the junction of the cervix and lateral part of the fornix of the vagina

119
Q

Which group of lymph nodes receive lymph from the ovaries?

A

Lumbar lymph nodes

120
Q

Where is lymph from the external orifice of the vagina drained to?

A

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

121
Q

What lymph nodes drain the fundus and upper uterine body?

A

Pre-aortic group

122
Q

What lymph nodes drain the bulk of the uterine body?

A

Internal iliac group

123
Q

What lymph nodes drain the lower part of the uterine body?

A

Ecternal iliac group

124
Q

What lymph nodes drain the uterine cervix and upper vagina?

A

Internal iliac and sacral lymph nodes

125
Q

What lymph nodes drain the lower vagina?

A

Sacral and common iliac

126
Q

How many lobes are in each breast?

A

15-25

127
Q

What are the boundaries of the breasts?

A

2nd rib 6th rib Lateral border of sternum Anterior axillary line

128
Q

What muscles are the deep surface of the breasts related to?

A

Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Serratus anterior

129
Q

Branches of which arteries supply the mammary gland?

A

Branches of subclavian and axillary arteries

130
Q

What are the main lymph node groups draining the breasts?

A

Axillary lymph nodes (75%, lateral quadrants) Pectoral Parasternal Supraclavicular lymph nodes

131
Q

What is the appearance of the fetal surface of the placenta?

A

Smooth and bears the attachment of the umbilical cord

132
Q

What is the appearance of the maternal surface of the placenta?

A

Rough and spongy

133
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A

Gaseous exchange Attaches fetus to uterine wall Provides nutrients Produces hormones

134
Q

When does the placenta separate from the uterine wall?

A

During the third stage of labour following delivery of the baby

135
Q

How many umbilical arteries are there in a cross section of the umbilical cord?

A

Two

136
Q

How many umbilical veins are there in a cross section of the umbilical cord?

A

One

137
Q

What else is present in the umbilical cord asides from vessels?

A

Whorton’s jelly

138
Q

What are the contents of the male perineum?

A

External genitalia Perineal muscles Anal canal

139
Q

What are the contents of the female perineum?

A

Female external genitalia Perineal muscles Anal canal

140
Q

What are the subdivisions of the perineum?

A

Urogenital triangle Anal triangle

141
Q

Where is the line separating the urogenital and anal triangles?

A

Line between two ischial tuberosities transversley

142
Q

Which perineal triangle lies inferior to the pubic symphysis?

A

Anal triangle

143
Q

Which perineal triangle lies anteroinferior to the coccyx?

A

Urogenital triangle

144
Q

Where does the perineal membrane run?

A

Between the right and left sides of the pubic arch, below the pubic symphysis

145
Q

What is the innervation of the external anal sphincter?

A

Branch of pudendal nerve

146
Q

What are the main actions of the external anal sphincter?

A

Constricts anal sphincter during peristalsis

147
Q

What is the innervation of the bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

Muscular/deep branch of perineal nerve Branch of pudendal nerve

148
Q

What is the innervation of the ischiocavernous muscle?

A

Muscular/deep branch of perineal nerve Branch of pudendal nerve

149
Q

What is the innervation of the superifical transverse perineal muscle?

A

Muscular/deep branch of perineal nerve Branch of pudendal nerve Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris Terminal branch of pudendal nerve

150
Q

What is the innervation of the deep transverse perineal muscle?

A

Muscular/deep branch of perineal nerve Branch of pudendal nerve Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris Terminal branch of pudendal nerve

151
Q

What is the innervation of the external urethral sphincter?

A

Muscular/deep branch of perineal nerve Branch of pudendal nerve Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris Terminal branch of pudendal nerve

152
Q

What are the main actions of the bulbospongiosus muscle?

A

Support and fixes perineal body/ pelvic floor

153
Q

What are the main actions of the ischiocavernosus muscle?

A

Maintains erection of penis/ clitoris

154
Q

What are the main actions of the superficial transverse perineal muscle?

A

Support and fix perineal body to support abdomino-pelvic viscera Resist intra-abdominal pressure increases

155
Q

What are the main actions of the deep transverse perineal muscle?

A

Support and fix perineal body to support abdomino-pelvic viscera Resist intra-abdominal pressure increases

156
Q

What are the main actions of the external urethral sphincter?

A

Compresses urethra to maintain urinary continence

157
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

A fibro-muscular mass

158
Q

What is the clinical significance of the perineal body?

A

If damaged can get prolapse of pelvic viscera

159
Q

What muscles converge towards the perineal body?

A

Bulbospongiosus External anal sphincter Superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles Muscles from external urethral sphincter Levator ani

160
Q

Which space is the external urethral sphincter found in?

A

Deep perineal pouch

161
Q

What is the innervation of the external urethral sphincter?

A

Branch of pudendal nerve

162
Q

What are the parts of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic Membranous Spongy/penile

163
Q

What is the widest part of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic

164
Q

What is the narrowest part of the male urethra?

A

Membranous

165
Q

Where do the ischio-anal fossae lie?

A

Inferior to the pelvic floor, lateral to the anal canal

166
Q

What is the function of the ischio-anal fossae?

A

Allow the anal canal to expand during defacation

167
Q

What is the major content of the ischio-anal fossae?

A

Fat and vessels

168
Q

Where does the neurovascular bundle enter the ischio-anal fossae?

A

Through the lesser sciatic foramen

169
Q

What structures are present in the neurovascular bundle that enters the ischio-anal fossae?

A

Pundendal nerve Obturator internus nerve

170
Q

What structures does the neurovascular bundle that enters the ischio-anal fossae supply?

A

Obturator internus Pelvic floor Perineum

Anatomy (11 decks)

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