Head and Neck Flashcards
1
Q
Between what two bones is the sagittal suture found?
A
The two parietal bones
2
Q
Between what two bones is the coronal suture found?
A
The frontal and the parietal bones
3
Q
Between what two bones is the lambdoid suture found?
A
The parietal and occipital bones
4
Q
What are the three fossa on the floor of the skull known as?
A
The anterior cranial fossa, the middle cranial fossa and the posterior cranial fossa
5
Q
What is the largest foramen in the skull known as and in which fossa is it found?
A
The foramen magnum, which is found in the posterior cranial fossa
6
Q
What structures pass through the foramen magnum?
A
The medulla, with meninges, and the right and left spinal arteries
7
Q
What are sinuses in the skull?
A
Air spaces present within some skull bones
8
Q
Why are sinuses present within the skull?
A
To decrease the weight of the skull
9
Q
What are the anterior, posterior and lateral borders of the scalp?
A
Anterior- eyebrows
Posterior- superior nuchal lines
Lateral- superior temporal line
10
Q
Which two bones form the zygomatic arch?
A
The zygomatic bone and the temporal bone
11
Q
What are the five layers of the scalp, from superior to inferior?
A
Skin Connective tissue (dense) Aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle Loose connective tissue Pericranium (Think SCALP)
12
Q
What is the source of cutaneous innervation in the anterior part of the scalp?
A
The branches of the trigeminal nerve
13
Q
What is the source of cutaneous innervation in the posterior part of the scalp?
A
Anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves C2 + C3.
14
Q
What are the branches of the external carotid artery in the skull?
A
Superior thyroid artery Ascending pharyngeal artery Laryngeal artery Facial artery Occipital artery Posterior auricular artery Maxillary artery Superficial temporal artery
15
Q
What is diploe within the skull?
A
Space between compact bone
16
Q
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the scalp
A
There are no lymph nodes in the scalp, lymph drains from the scalp into lymph nodes in the head and neck
17
Q
What muscle surround the eyes?
A
The orbicularis occuli
18
Q
What muscle surrounds the mouth?
A
Orbicularis oris
19
Q
What muscle is present on the forehead and back of the head, with an aponeurosis between?
A
The occipital frontalis
20
Q
What nerve innervates all the muscles of facial expression?
A
Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
21
Q
What is the name of the foramen that the facial nerve emerges from to go onto the side of the face?
A
The stylomastoid foramen
22
Q
What bony points are present on either side of the stylomastoid foramen?
A
The styloid process and the mastoid process
23
Q
What are the names of the three main pairs of salivary glands?
A
The parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands
24
Q
What are the borders of the parotid gland?
A
Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
Zygomatic arch
Angle of the mandible
Masseter muscle
Just anterior to the external auditory meatus
25
What type of gland is the parotid gland?
Exocrine
26
Opposite which tooth does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity?
The second upper molar
27
Which vein, artery and nerve passes into the parotid gland?
Vein- retromandibular
Artery- external carotid
Nerve- facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
28
Where does the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous supply for the parotid gland come from?
Parasympathetic- glossopharyngeal nerve
| Sympathetic- superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
29
What are the three main branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Opthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular
30
As the facial artery winds onto the face, what bone and gland does it touch?
The mandible and the submandibular salivary glands
31
What muscle lies immediately posterior to the facial artery as it winds onto the face?
The masseters
32
What are the four compartments of the neck when viewed in the transverse plane?
The vertebral compartment
The vascular compartments (one on each side)
The visceral compartment
The musculofacial collar
33
What are the superior, anterior and posterior boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Superior- Inferior border of mandible
Posterior- Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Anterior- Median line of neck
34
What are the inferior, posterior and anterior borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Inferior- Clavicle
Posterior- Anterior border of trapezius
Anterior- Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
35
What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?
The mastoid process, the superior nuchal line, the manubrium and the clavicle
36
What are the boundaries of the submental triangle of the neck?
The anterior digastric muscle, the midline of the neck and the body of the hyoid bone
37
What lymph nodes are found in the submental triangle?
The submental lymph nodes
38
What are the boundaries of the digastric/submandibular triangle?
Posterior digastric muscle, anterior digastric muscle and the mandible
39
What artery and what salivary gland is located in the digastric triangle?
The facial artery and the submandibular gland
40
What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?
Superior belly of omohyoid muscle, posterior belly of digastric muscle and the medial border of SCM.
41
What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle of the neck?
The midline of the neck, the hyoid bone, the superior belly of omohyoid
and the inferior portion of SCM
42
What artery do the left and right common carotid arteries branch off?
Left CCA- aortic arch
| Right CCA- brachiocephalic trunk
43
What structures occupy the carotid sheath?
The internal jugular vein, the vagus nerve and the common carotid artery
44
At what vertebral level does the CCA split into the ICA and ECA?
C4, at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
45
What are the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery and where are they given off?
The maxillary and superficial temporal arteries, given of at the parotid gland
46
What vein from the upper limb does the internal jugular vein merge with, and what is formed?
IJV merges with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein
47
Which vein does the external jugular vein drain into?
The subclavian
48
On which neck muscle does the phrenic nerve lie?
The anterior scalene muscle
49
What are the names of the suprahyoid muscles?
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
50
What is the nerve supply of the mylohyoid?
Branch of inferior alveolar nevre from CNV3
51
What is the nerve supply of the geniohyoid?
Hypoglossal nerve
52
What is the nerve supply of the digastric?
Branch of posterior alveolar AND digastric branch of CNVII
53
What is the nerve supply of the stylohyoid?
Facial nerve
54
What are the names of the infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
55
What is the nerve supply of the sternohyoid?
C1-C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis
56
What is the nerve supply of the sternothyroid?
C2 + C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis
57
What is the nerve supply of the thyrohyoid?
C1
58
What is the nerve supply of the omohyoid?
C1-C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis
59
What are the vertebral root values of the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
60
Between which two muscles do the roots of the cervical plexus emerge?
The levator scapulae and the scalene
61
What name is given to the loop of nerves within the cervical plexus?
The ansa cervicalis
62
What are the two parts of the thyroid gland?
The pyramidal lobe and the isthmus
63
Between which tracheal rings does the isthmus of the thyroid gland lie?
Around the 2nd/3rd tracheal rings
64
In which of the four compartments of the neck does the thyroid gland lie?
The visceral compartment
65
What are the main functions of the nose?
Traps dirt
Respiration
Conditioning of inhaled air
Olfaction/smell
66
What are the three sections of the pharynx?
The nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx
67
What vertebral levels are the extent of the trachea?
C6-T5/7
68
What bones make up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
```
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Palatine bone
Maxillary bone
Inferior concha
Nasal bone
(FEMSPIN)
```
69
What bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity?
The nasal bones, the frontal bone, the ethmoid bone and the sphenoid bone
70
What is the floor of the nasal cavity made up of?
The palatine processes of the maxillae and the palatine bones making up the hard palate. Floor extended posteriorly by soft palate
71
What bones make up the nasal septum?
The vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid
72
What structure lies anterior to the vomer and the ethmoid to complete the nasal septum?
Septal cartilage
73
What passes through the cribriform plate?
The olfactory nerves
74
What attaches to the crista galli?
Dura matter
75
What kind of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?
Pseduo-stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells
76
What lines the roof of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory mucosa
77
Which cranial nerve innervates the olfactory mucosa?
The olfactory nerve (CNI)
78
What are the projections of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity called?
The superior, middle and inferior conchae
79
What are the spaces between the conchae called?
The superior, middle and inferior meatuses
80
What space lies above the superior concha?
The frontal sinus
81
What bones are each concha a part of?
The superior and middle conchae are projections of the ethmoid bone. The inferior concha is it's own bone
82
Branches of which arteries supply the nose?
The ophthalmic and the external carotid arteries
83
What are the main functions of the paranasal air sinuses?
They lighten the skull and produce mucus
84
What does the sphenoid sinus open into?
The spheno-ethmoid recess
85
What do the posterior ethmoid air cells open into?
The superior meatus
86
What structures open into the middle meatus?
The maxillary and frontal sinuses
| The anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells
87
What does the nasolacrimal duct open into?
The inferior meatus
88
Why does the maxillary air sinus drain less well than the other sinuses?
Its opening is not at its most inferior point
89
What cranial nerve innervates the frontal air sinus?
CNV1
90
What cranial nerve innervates the maxillary air sinus?
CNV2
91
What cranial nerve innervates the sphenoid air sinus?
CNV1 and CNV2
92
What cranial nerve innervates the ethmoidal air cells?
CNV1
93
What are the three pairs of tonsils and where is each found?
Lingual- on the tongue
Palatine- at back of throat
Nasopharyngeal- in nasopharynx
94
Which bone forms the roof of the nasopharynx?
The sphenoid
95
What number of each type of deciduous tooth is there?
Incisors- 8
Canines- 4
Molars- 8
96
What number of each type of permanent tooth is there?
Incisors- 8
Canines- 4
Premolars- 8
Molars- 12
97
What type of joint is the temperomandibular joint?
Synovial hinge
98
Which two articular processes form the temperomandibular joint?
The mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condyloid process of the mandible
99
What movements of the jaw occur at the temperomandibular joint?
```
Elevation
Depression
Protrusion
Retrusion
Side to side movements
```
100
What are the muscles of mastication?
The temporalis, masseter and the lateral and medial pterygoids
101
What are the bony attachments of the temporalis muscle?
The floor of the temporal fossa and the coronoid process of the mandible
102
What action does it have on the mandible when:
The anterior fibres of the temporalis muscle contract?
The posterior fibres of the temporalis muscle contract?
Anterior fibres- elevates mandible
| Posterior fibres- retract mandible
103
What are the bony attachments of the masseter muscle?
The angle + lateral surface of the mandible and the outer surface of the ramus + maxillary process of the mandible
104
What is the action of the masseter?
Elevate the mandible
105
What parts of the skull do the pterygoid muscles attach to?
The lateral pterygoid plate (lateral pterygoid attaches to lateral surface, medial pterygoid attaches to medial surface)
Neck of mandible and disc of temperomandibular joint
106
What action does bilateral contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscles cause?
Protraction
107
What action does bilateral contraction of the medial pterygoid muscles cause?
Elevates jaw and causes protrusion
108
What action occurs when the lateral pterygoid and the medial pterygoid of the same side both contract?
Swings jaw
109
Which suprahyoid muscles depress the mandible?
The digastric, myelohyoid and stylohyoid muscles
110
What muscles elevate the mandible?
Temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid
111
What muscles protrude the mandible?
Medial pterygoid and masseter
112
What muscles retract the mandible?
Temporalis
113
What muscles move the mandible side to side?
Lateral pterygoids
114
Through what fossa do the motor branches of the trigeminal nerve supply the muscles of mastication?
The infratemporal fossa
115
What is the space between the lips and the cheeks known as?
The vestibule of the oral cavity
116
Which two bones form the hard palate?
The palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palantine bone
117
What are the muscles in the soft palate?
```
Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Palatoglossal
Palatopharyngeal
Muscularis uvulae
```
118
What cranial nerves supply the soft palate?
CNV3 and CNX
119
What is the action of the soft palate?
To aid in swallowing/yawning
120
What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?
Anteriorly- right and left palatoglossal arches
Superior- uvula
Inferior- tip of epiglottis
121
What are the main functions of the tongue?
Moving food around during chewing
Deglutition
Articulation
122
What divides the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
The sulcus terminalis
123
What are the three types of papillae and what part of the tongue are they most present on?
Filiform
Fungiform
Vallate
All most common on anterior 2/3 of tongue
124
Which of the papillae of the tongue have taste buds present in them?
Fungiform and vallate papillae
125
What are the projections on the posterior third of the tongue called and what are they produced by?
Lymphoid nodules- produced by submucosal lymphoid tissue collection
126
What is the inferior surface of the tongue covered by?
Smooth mucous membrane
127
What is the name of the fold of mucous membrane that fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
The sublingual corunde
128
Describe the general sensory and taste sensation innervation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
General sensory- Lingual nerve (CNV3)
| Taste- Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve (CNVII)
129
Describe the general sensory and taste sensation innervation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
General sensory- Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
| Taste- Internal laryngeal
130
What are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
The genioglossus, the hypoglossus, the styloglossus and the palatoglossus
131
What are the attachments and action of the genioglossus?
Attachment- inner surface of the mandible close to midline
| Action- Protudes tongue to opposite side
132
What are the attachments and action of the hypoglossus?
Attachment- Upper border of body of mandible
| Action- depresses tongue
133
What are the attachments and action of the styloglossus?
Attachment- styloid process
| Action- Retrudes tongue
134
What are the attachments and action of the palatoglossus?
Attachment- soft palate
| Action- Elevates posterior tongue
135
Describe the innervation of the muscles of the tongue?
Palatoglossus- Vagus nerve (CNX)
| All other muscles- hypoglossal (CNXII)
136
What are the names of the three large paired salivary glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
137
Which cranial nerves supply parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands?
Parotid gland supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)
| Submandibular and sublingual glands supplied by facial nerve (CNVII)
138
With what vertebral levels do the larynx extend?
C3-C6
139
With which structure is the larynx continuous with superiorly?
The hypopharynx
140
What does the larynx continue as inferiorly?
The trachea
141
Prominences of which laryngeal cartilage form the Adam’s apple?
The thyroid cartilage
142
Which of the laryngeal cartilage are paired?
The arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages
143
Which of the laryngeal cartilages is a complete ring shaped cartilage?
The cricoid cartilage
144
What structures form the laryngeal inlet?
Epiglottis
Corniculate cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Interarytenoid and aryepiglottic folds
145
What are the three parts of the larynx called and between what structures is each found?
The vestibule- between the laryngeal inlet and the vestibular folds
The middle part- between the vestibular folds and the true vocal cords
The lower part- from the vocal cords to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage
146
What sensory nerve supplies the mucous membrane of the larynx
Internal laryngeal nerve
147
What forms the roof of the nasopharynx?
The bassiocciput and the bassiopenoid
148
Where does the laryngopharynx lie in relation to the larynx?
Inferiorly
149
What three muscles form the inner longitudinal layer of the pharynx?
Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
150
What are the three layers of the pharynx?
The outer muscular layer
The middle fibrous layer
Inner mucous membrane
151
Where does the pharynx receive it’s innervation from?
The pharyngeal plexus
152
Branches of what cranial nerves forms the pharyngeal plexus?
Nine and ten
153
Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the pharynx?
The maxillary
154
Which nerve provides most of the motor innervation to the pharynx?
The pharyngeal nerve
155
What role is played by constrictor muscles of the pharynx during swallowing?
Propels food into the oesophagus
156
What is the role played by the longitudinal layer of muscles of the pharynx during swallowing?
Elevate the larynx and shortens the pharynx
157
What is the role played by the tongue and palate muscles during swallowing?
Soft palate moves to block trachea
158
What is the pharyngeal lynphoid ring and what is its function?
A collection of lymphoid tissue- protects from RTIs
