Head and Neck Flashcards
Between what two bones is the sagittal suture found?
The two parietal bones
Between what two bones is the coronal suture found?
The frontal and the parietal bones
Between what two bones is the lambdoid suture found?
The parietal and occipital bones
What are the three fossa on the floor of the skull known as?
The anterior cranial fossa, the middle cranial fossa and the posterior cranial fossa
What is the largest foramen in the skull known as and in which fossa is it found?
The foramen magnum, which is found in the posterior cranial fossa
What structures pass through the foramen magnum?
The medulla, with meninges, and the right and left spinal arteries
What are sinuses in the skull?
Air spaces present within some skull bones
Why are sinuses present within the skull?
To decrease the weight of the skull
What are the anterior, posterior and lateral borders of the scalp?
Anterior- eyebrows
Posterior- superior nuchal lines
Lateral- superior temporal line
Which two bones form the zygomatic arch?
The zygomatic bone and the temporal bone
What are the five layers of the scalp, from superior to inferior?
Skin Connective tissue (dense) Aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle Loose connective tissue Pericranium (Think SCALP)
What is the source of cutaneous innervation in the anterior part of the scalp?
The branches of the trigeminal nerve
What is the source of cutaneous innervation in the posterior part of the scalp?
Anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves C2 + C3.
What are the branches of the external carotid artery in the skull?
Superior thyroid artery Ascending pharyngeal artery Laryngeal artery Facial artery Occipital artery Posterior auricular artery Maxillary artery Superficial temporal artery
What is diploe within the skull?
Space between compact bone
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the scalp
There are no lymph nodes in the scalp, lymph drains from the scalp into lymph nodes in the head and neck
What muscle surround the eyes?
The orbicularis occuli
What muscle surrounds the mouth?
Orbicularis oris
What muscle is present on the forehead and back of the head, with an aponeurosis between?
The occipital frontalis
What nerve innervates all the muscles of facial expression?
Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)
What is the name of the foramen that the facial nerve emerges from to go onto the side of the face?
The stylomastoid foramen
What bony points are present on either side of the stylomastoid foramen?
The styloid process and the mastoid process
What are the names of the three main pairs of salivary glands?
The parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands
What are the borders of the parotid gland?
Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
Zygomatic arch
Angle of the mandible
Masseter muscle
Just anterior to the external auditory meatus
What type of gland is the parotid gland?
Exocrine
Opposite which tooth does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity?
The second upper molar
Which vein, artery and nerve passes into the parotid gland?
Vein- retromandibular
Artery- external carotid
Nerve- facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)
Where does the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous supply for the parotid gland come from?
Parasympathetic- glossopharyngeal nerve
Sympathetic- superior cervical sympathetic ganglion
What are the three main branches of the trigeminal nerve?
Opthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular
As the facial artery winds onto the face, what bone and gland does it touch?
The mandible and the submandibular salivary glands
What muscle lies immediately posterior to the facial artery as it winds onto the face?
The masseters
What are the four compartments of the neck when viewed in the transverse plane?
The vertebral compartment
The vascular compartments (one on each side)
The visceral compartment
The musculofacial collar
What are the superior, anterior and posterior boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?
Superior- Inferior border of mandible
Posterior- Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Anterior- Median line of neck
What are the inferior, posterior and anterior borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?
Inferior- Clavicle
Posterior- Anterior border of trapezius
Anterior- Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?
The mastoid process, the superior nuchal line, the manubrium and the clavicle
What are the boundaries of the submental triangle of the neck?
The anterior digastric muscle, the midline of the neck and the body of the hyoid bone
What lymph nodes are found in the submental triangle?
The submental lymph nodes
What are the boundaries of the digastric/submandibular triangle?
Posterior digastric muscle, anterior digastric muscle and the mandible
What artery and what salivary gland is located in the digastric triangle?
The facial artery and the submandibular gland
What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?
Superior belly of omohyoid muscle, posterior belly of digastric muscle and the medial border of SCM.
What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle of the neck?
The midline of the neck, the hyoid bone, the superior belly of omohyoid
and the inferior portion of SCM
What artery do the left and right common carotid arteries branch off?
Left CCA- aortic arch
Right CCA- brachiocephalic trunk
What structures occupy the carotid sheath?
The internal jugular vein, the vagus nerve and the common carotid artery
At what vertebral level does the CCA split into the ICA and ECA?
C4, at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage
What are the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery and where are they given off?
The maxillary and superficial temporal arteries, given of at the parotid gland
What vein from the upper limb does the internal jugular vein merge with, and what is formed?
IJV merges with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein
Which vein does the external jugular vein drain into?
The subclavian
On which neck muscle does the phrenic nerve lie?
The anterior scalene muscle
What are the names of the suprahyoid muscles?
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
What is the nerve supply of the mylohyoid?
Branch of inferior alveolar nevre from CNV3
What is the nerve supply of the geniohyoid?
Hypoglossal nerve
What is the nerve supply of the digastric?
Branch of posterior alveolar AND digastric branch of CNVII
What is the nerve supply of the stylohyoid?
Facial nerve
What are the names of the infrahyoid muscles?
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid
What is the nerve supply of the sternohyoid?
C1-C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis
What is the nerve supply of the sternothyroid?
C2 + C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis
What is the nerve supply of the thyrohyoid?
C1
What is the nerve supply of the omohyoid?
C1-C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis
What are the vertebral root values of the cervical plexus?
C1-C4
Between which two muscles do the roots of the cervical plexus emerge?
The levator scapulae and the scalene
What name is given to the loop of nerves within the cervical plexus?
The ansa cervicalis
What are the two parts of the thyroid gland?
The pyramidal lobe and the isthmus
Between which tracheal rings does the isthmus of the thyroid gland lie?
Around the 2nd/3rd tracheal rings