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Anatomy > Head and Neck > Flashcards

Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

Between what two bones is the sagittal suture found?

A

The two parietal bones

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2
Q

Between what two bones is the coronal suture found?

A

The frontal and the parietal bones

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3
Q

Between what two bones is the lambdoid suture found?

A

The parietal and occipital bones

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4
Q

What are the three fossa on the floor of the skull known as?

A

The anterior cranial fossa, the middle cranial fossa and the posterior cranial fossa

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5
Q

What is the largest foramen in the skull known as and in which fossa is it found?

A

The foramen magnum, which is found in the posterior cranial fossa

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6
Q

What structures pass through the foramen magnum?

A

The medulla, with meninges, and the right and left spinal arteries

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7
Q

What are sinuses in the skull?

A

Air spaces present within some skull bones

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8
Q

Why are sinuses present within the skull?

A

To decrease the weight of the skull

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9
Q

What are the anterior, posterior and lateral borders of the scalp?

A

Anterior- eyebrows
Posterior- superior nuchal lines
Lateral- superior temporal line

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10
Q

Which two bones form the zygomatic arch?

A

The zygomatic bone and the temporal bone

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11
Q

What are the five layers of the scalp, from superior to inferior?

A 
Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
(Think SCALP)
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12
Q

What is the source of cutaneous innervation in the anterior part of the scalp?

A

The branches of the trigeminal nerve

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13
Q

What is the source of cutaneous innervation in the posterior part of the scalp?

A

Anterior and posterior rami of spinal nerves C2 + C3.

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14
Q

What are the branches of the external carotid artery in the skull?

A 
Superior thyroid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Laryngeal artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery
Superficial temporal artery
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15
Q

What is diploe within the skull?

A

Space between compact bone

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16
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the scalp

A

There are no lymph nodes in the scalp, lymph drains from the scalp into lymph nodes in the head and neck

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17
Q

What muscle surround the eyes?

A

The orbicularis occuli

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18
Q

What muscle surrounds the mouth?

A

Orbicularis oris

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19
Q

What muscle is present on the forehead and back of the head, with an aponeurosis between?

A

The occipital frontalis

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20
Q

What nerve innervates all the muscles of facial expression?

A

Cranial nerve VII (facial nerve)

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21
Q

What is the name of the foramen that the facial nerve emerges from to go onto the side of the face?

A

The stylomastoid foramen

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22
Q

What bony points are present on either side of the stylomastoid foramen?

A

The styloid process and the mastoid process

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23
Q

What are the names of the three main pairs of salivary glands?

A

The parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands

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24
Q

What are the borders of the parotid gland?

A

Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid
Zygomatic arch
Angle of the mandible
Masseter muscle
Just anterior to the external auditory meatus

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25
Q

What type of gland is the parotid gland?

A

Exocrine

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26
Q

Opposite which tooth does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity?

A

The second upper molar

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27
Q

Which vein, artery and nerve passes into the parotid gland?

A

Vein- retromandibular
Artery- external carotid
Nerve- facial nerve (cranial nerve VII)

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28
Q

Where does the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous supply for the parotid gland come from?

A

Parasympathetic- glossopharyngeal nerve

Sympathetic- superior cervical sympathetic ganglion

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29
Q

What are the three main branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Opthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

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30
Q

As the facial artery winds onto the face, what bone and gland does it touch?

A

The mandible and the submandibular salivary glands

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31
Q

What muscle lies immediately posterior to the facial artery as it winds onto the face?

A

The masseters

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32
Q

What are the four compartments of the neck when viewed in the transverse plane?

A

The vertebral compartment
The vascular compartments (one on each side)
The visceral compartment
The musculofacial collar

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33
Q

What are the superior, anterior and posterior boundaries of the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

Superior- Inferior border of mandible
Posterior- Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Anterior- Median line of neck

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34
Q

What are the inferior, posterior and anterior borders of the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

Inferior- Clavicle
Posterior- Anterior border of trapezius
Anterior- Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid

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35
Q

What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

The mastoid process, the superior nuchal line, the manubrium and the clavicle

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36
Q

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle of the neck?

A

The anterior digastric muscle, the midline of the neck and the body of the hyoid bone

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37
Q

What lymph nodes are found in the submental triangle?

A

The submental lymph nodes

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38
Q

What are the boundaries of the digastric/submandibular triangle?

A

Posterior digastric muscle, anterior digastric muscle and the mandible

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39
Q

What artery and what salivary gland is located in the digastric triangle?

A

The facial artery and the submandibular gland

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40
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

A

Superior belly of omohyoid muscle, posterior belly of digastric muscle and the medial border of SCM.

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41
Q

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle of the neck?

A

The midline of the neck, the hyoid bone, the superior belly of omohyoid
and the inferior portion of SCM

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42
Q

What artery do the left and right common carotid arteries branch off?

A

Left CCA- aortic arch

Right CCA- brachiocephalic trunk

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43
Q

What structures occupy the carotid sheath?

A

The internal jugular vein, the vagus nerve and the common carotid artery

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44
Q

At what vertebral level does the CCA split into the ICA and ECA?

A

C4, at the superior border of the thyroid cartilage

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45
Q

What are the two terminal branches of the external carotid artery and where are they given off?

A

The maxillary and superficial temporal arteries, given of at the parotid gland

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46
Q

What vein from the upper limb does the internal jugular vein merge with, and what is formed?

A

IJV merges with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein

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47
Q

Which vein does the external jugular vein drain into?

A

The subclavian

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48
Q

On which neck muscle does the phrenic nerve lie?

A

The anterior scalene muscle

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49
Q

What are the names of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid

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50
Q

What is the nerve supply of the mylohyoid?

A

Branch of inferior alveolar nevre from CNV3

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51
Q

What is the nerve supply of the geniohyoid?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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52
Q

What is the nerve supply of the digastric?

A

Branch of posterior alveolar AND digastric branch of CNVII

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53
Q

What is the nerve supply of the stylohyoid?

A

Facial nerve

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54
Q

What are the names of the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Omohyoid

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55
Q

What is the nerve supply of the sternohyoid?

A

C1-C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis

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56
Q

What is the nerve supply of the sternothyroid?

A

C2 + C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis

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57
Q

What is the nerve supply of the thyrohyoid?

A

C1

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58
Q

What is the nerve supply of the omohyoid?

A

C1-C3 by branch of ansa cervicalis

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59
Q

What are the vertebral root values of the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

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60
Q

Between which two muscles do the roots of the cervical plexus emerge?

A

The levator scapulae and the scalene

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61
Q

What name is given to the loop of nerves within the cervical plexus?

A

The ansa cervicalis

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62
Q

What are the two parts of the thyroid gland?

A

The pyramidal lobe and the isthmus

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63
Q

Between which tracheal rings does the isthmus of the thyroid gland lie?

A

Around the 2nd/3rd tracheal rings

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64
Q

In which of the four compartments of the neck does the thyroid gland lie?

A

The visceral compartment

65
Q

What are the main functions of the nose?

A

Traps dirt
Respiration
Conditioning of inhaled air
Olfaction/smell

66
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx?

A

The nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx

67
Q

What vertebral levels are the extent of the trachea?

68
Q

What bones make up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A 
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone
Palatine bone
Maxillary bone
Inferior concha
Nasal bone
(FEMSPIN)
69
Q

What bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

The nasal bones, the frontal bone, the ethmoid bone and the sphenoid bone

70
Q

What is the floor of the nasal cavity made up of?

A

The palatine processes of the maxillae and the palatine bones making up the hard palate. Floor extended posteriorly by soft palate

71
Q

What bones make up the nasal septum?

A

The vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid

72
Q

What structure lies anterior to the vomer and the ethmoid to complete the nasal septum?

A

Septal cartilage

73
Q

What passes through the cribriform plate?

A

The olfactory nerves

74
Q

What attaches to the crista galli?

A

Dura matter

75
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the nasal cavity?

A

Pseduo-stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells

76
Q

What lines the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory mucosa

77
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the olfactory mucosa?

A

The olfactory nerve (CNI)

78
Q

What are the projections of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity called?

A

The superior, middle and inferior conchae

79
Q

What are the spaces between the conchae called?

A

The superior, middle and inferior meatuses

80
Q

What space lies above the superior concha?

A

The frontal sinus

81
Q

What bones are each concha a part of?

A

The superior and middle conchae are projections of the ethmoid bone. The inferior concha is it’s own bone

82
Q

Branches of which arteries supply the nose?

A

The ophthalmic and the external carotid arteries

83
Q

What are the main functions of the paranasal air sinuses?

A

They lighten the skull and produce mucus

84
Q

What does the sphenoid sinus open into?

A

The spheno-ethmoid recess

85
Q

What do the posterior ethmoid air cells open into?

A

The superior meatus

86
Q

What structures open into the middle meatus?

A

The maxillary and frontal sinuses

The anterior and middle ethmoidal air cells

87
Q

What does the nasolacrimal duct open into?

A

The inferior meatus

88
Q

Why does the maxillary air sinus drain less well than the other sinuses?

A

Its opening is not at its most inferior point

89
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the frontal air sinus?

90
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the maxillary air sinus?

91
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the sphenoid air sinus?

A

CNV1 and CNV2

92
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the ethmoidal air cells?

93
Q

What are the three pairs of tonsils and where is each found?

A

Lingual- on the tongue
Palatine- at back of throat
Nasopharyngeal- in nasopharynx

94
Q

Which bone forms the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

The sphenoid

95
Q

What number of each type of deciduous tooth is there?

A

Incisors- 8
Canines- 4
Molars- 8

96
Q

What number of each type of permanent tooth is there?

A

Incisors- 8
Canines- 4
Premolars- 8
Molars- 12

97
Q

What type of joint is the temperomandibular joint?

A

Synovial hinge

98
Q

Which two articular processes form the temperomandibular joint?

A

The mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condyloid process of the mandible

99
Q

What movements of the jaw occur at the temperomandibular joint?

A 
Elevation
Depression
Protrusion
Retrusion
Side to side movements
100
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

The temporalis, masseter and the lateral and medial pterygoids

101
Q

What are the bony attachments of the temporalis muscle?

A

The floor of the temporal fossa and the coronoid process of the mandible

102
Q

What action does it have on the mandible when:
The anterior fibres of the temporalis muscle contract?
The posterior fibres of the temporalis muscle contract?

A

Anterior fibres- elevates mandible

Posterior fibres- retract mandible

103
Q

What are the bony attachments of the masseter muscle?

A

The angle + lateral surface of the mandible and the outer surface of the ramus + maxillary process of the mandible

104
Q

What is the action of the masseter?

A

Elevate the mandible

105
Q

What parts of the skull do the pterygoid muscles attach to?

A

The lateral pterygoid plate (lateral pterygoid attaches to lateral surface, medial pterygoid attaches to medial surface)
Neck of mandible and disc of temperomandibular joint

106
Q

What action does bilateral contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscles cause?

A

Protraction

107
Q

What action does bilateral contraction of the medial pterygoid muscles cause?

A

Elevates jaw and causes protrusion

108
Q

What action occurs when the lateral pterygoid and the medial pterygoid of the same side both contract?

A

Swings jaw

109
Q

Which suprahyoid muscles depress the mandible?

A

The digastric, myelohyoid and stylohyoid muscles

110
Q

What muscles elevate the mandible?

A

Temporalis, masseter and medial pterygoid

111
Q

What muscles protrude the mandible?

A

Medial pterygoid and masseter

112
Q

What muscles retract the mandible?

A

Temporalis

113
Q

What muscles move the mandible side to side?

A

Lateral pterygoids

114
Q

Through what fossa do the motor branches of the trigeminal nerve supply the muscles of mastication?

A

The infratemporal fossa

115
Q

What is the space between the lips and the cheeks known as?

A

The vestibule of the oral cavity

116
Q

Which two bones form the hard palate?

A

The palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of the palantine bone

117
Q

What are the muscles in the soft palate?

A 
Tensor veli palatini
Levator veli palatini
Palatoglossal
Palatopharyngeal
Muscularis uvulae
118
Q

What cranial nerves supply the soft palate?

A

CNV3 and CNX

119
Q

What is the action of the soft palate?

A

To aid in swallowing/yawning

120
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A

Anteriorly- right and left palatoglossal arches
Superior- uvula
Inferior- tip of epiglottis

121
Q

What are the main functions of the tongue?

A

Moving food around during chewing
Deglutition
Articulation

122
Q

What divides the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

The sulcus terminalis

123
Q

What are the three types of papillae and what part of the tongue are they most present on?

A

Filiform
Fungiform
Vallate
All most common on anterior 2/3 of tongue

124
Q

Which of the papillae of the tongue have taste buds present in them?

A

Fungiform and vallate papillae

125
Q

What are the projections on the posterior third of the tongue called and what are they produced by?

A

Lymphoid nodules- produced by submucosal lymphoid tissue collection

126
Q

What is the inferior surface of the tongue covered by?

A

Smooth mucous membrane

127
Q

What is the name of the fold of mucous membrane that fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

The sublingual corunde

128
Q

Describe the general sensory and taste sensation innervation of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

General sensory- Lingual nerve (CNV3)

Taste- Chorda tympani branch of facial nerve (CNVII)

129
Q

Describe the general sensory and taste sensation innervation of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

General sensory- Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

Taste- Internal laryngeal

130
Q

What are the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

The genioglossus, the hypoglossus, the styloglossus and the palatoglossus

131
Q

What are the attachments and action of the genioglossus?

A

Attachment- inner surface of the mandible close to midline

Action- Protudes tongue to opposite side

132
Q

What are the attachments and action of the hypoglossus?

A

Attachment- Upper border of body of mandible

Action- depresses tongue

133
Q

What are the attachments and action of the styloglossus?

A

Attachment- styloid process

Action- Retrudes tongue

134
Q

What are the attachments and action of the palatoglossus?

A

Attachment- soft palate

Action- Elevates posterior tongue

135
Q

Describe the innervation of the muscles of the tongue?

A

Palatoglossus- Vagus nerve (CNX)

All other muscles- hypoglossal (CNXII)

136
Q

What are the names of the three large paired salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

137
Q

Which cranial nerves supply parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands?

A

Parotid gland supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX)

Submandibular and sublingual glands supplied by facial nerve (CNVII)

138
Q

With what vertebral levels do the larynx extend?

139
Q

With which structure is the larynx continuous with superiorly?

A

The hypopharynx

140
Q

What does the larynx continue as inferiorly?

A

The trachea

141
Q

Prominences of which laryngeal cartilage form the Adam’s apple?

A

The thyroid cartilage

142
Q

Which of the laryngeal cartilage are paired?

A

The arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages

143
Q

Which of the laryngeal cartilages is a complete ring shaped cartilage?

A

The cricoid cartilage

144
Q

What structures form the laryngeal inlet?

A

Epiglottis
Corniculate cartilage
Arytenoid cartilage
Interarytenoid and aryepiglottic folds

145
Q

What are the three parts of the larynx called and between what structures is each found?

A

The vestibule- between the laryngeal inlet and the vestibular folds
The middle part- between the vestibular folds and the true vocal cords
The lower part- from the vocal cords to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

146
Q

What sensory nerve supplies the mucous membrane of the larynx

A

Internal laryngeal nerve

147
Q

What forms the roof of the nasopharynx?

A

The bassiocciput and the bassiopenoid

148
Q

Where does the laryngopharynx lie in relation to the larynx?

A

Inferiorly

149
Q

What three muscles form the inner longitudinal layer of the pharynx?

A

Stylopharyngeus
Salpingopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus

150
Q

What are the three layers of the pharynx?

A

The outer muscular layer
The middle fibrous layer
Inner mucous membrane

151
Q

Where does the pharynx receive it’s innervation from?

A

The pharyngeal plexus

152
Q

Branches of what cranial nerves forms the pharyngeal plexus?

A

Nine and ten

153
Q

Which nerve supplies sensory innervation to the pharynx?

A

The maxillary

154
Q

Which nerve provides most of the motor innervation to the pharynx?

A

The pharyngeal nerve

155
Q

What role is played by constrictor muscles of the pharynx during swallowing?

A

Propels food into the oesophagus

156
Q

What is the role played by the longitudinal layer of muscles of the pharynx during swallowing?

A

Elevate the larynx and shortens the pharynx

157
Q

What is the role played by the tongue and palate muscles during swallowing?

A

Soft palate moves to block trachea

158
Q

What is the pharyngeal lynphoid ring and what is its function?

A

A collection of lymphoid tissue- protects from RTIs

Anatomy (11 decks)

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