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Anatomy > Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four quadrants of the abdomen

A
  1. Right upper quadrant 2. Left upper quadrant 3. Right lower quadrant 4. Left lower quadrant
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2
Q

What is the name of the vertical imaginary line splitting the quadrants of the abdomen?

A

The median line

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3
Q

What is the name of the horizontal imaginary line that splits the quadrants of the abdomen?

A

The transumbilical line

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4
Q

Name the nine regions of the abdomen

A

Top row from right to left- right hypchondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac Middle from right to left- right lateral, umbilical, left lateral Bottom from right to left- right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal

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5
Q

Name the imaginary vertical lines splitting the nine regions of the abdomen

A

The right and left midclavicular lines

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6
Q

Name the imaginary horizontal lines splitting the nine regions of the abdomen

A

The subcostal and trans-tubercular lines

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7
Q

What is the action of the external oblique muscle?

A

Compressed and supports the abdominal viscera, also flexes and rotated trunk

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8
Q

What is the action of the internal oblique muscle?

A

Compressed and supports the abdominal viscera, also flexes and rotated trunk

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9
Q

What is the action of the transversus abdominis muscle?

A

Compresses and shortens the abdominal viscera

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10
Q

What is the action of the rectus abdominis muscle?

A

Flexes trunk, compresses and shortens abdominal viscera, also stabilises and controls the tilt of the pelvis

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11
Q

What is the innervation of the external oblique and rectus abdominis muscles?

A

The thoraco-abdominal and sub-costal nerves

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12
Q

What is the innervation of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles?

A

The thoraco-abdominal, subcostal and first lumbar nerves

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13
Q

What name is given to the group of aponeuroses that closes the rectus abdominis?

A

The rectus sheath

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14
Q

The aponeuroses of which muscles make up the rectus sheath?

A

The external oblique, the internal oblique and the transversus abdominis

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15
Q

How does the rectus sheath differ above and below the umbilicus?

A

Above the umbilicus- aponeurosis posterior to rectus abdominis Below the umbilicus- aponeurosis anterior to rectus abdominis

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16
Q

Which thoracic spinal segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?

A

The ventral rami of T7-T12

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17
Q

During what developmental process is the inguinal canal formed?

A

During relocation of the gonads

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18
Q

What are the two bony attachments of the inguinal canal?

A

The anterior iliac spins and the pubic tubercle of the hip bone

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19
Q

What makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

The aponeurosis of external oblique

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20
Q

What makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal

A

The transversus fascia

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21
Q

What forms the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

The rectus sheath

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22
Q

What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

The inguinal ligament

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23
Q

What is the name of the two openings of the inguinal canal?

A

The deep and superficial inguinal rings

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24
Q

What is the relationship of the deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

The ring lies lateral to the vessels

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25
Q

Where does the superficial inguinal ring lie in relation to the pubic tubercle?

A

It lies superolaterally

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26
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal in males?

A

The spermatic cord, vessels and the ilio-inguinal nerve

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27
Q

What is the contents of the inguinal canal in females?

A

The ligament of the uterus, vessels and the ilio-inguinal canal

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28
Q

What are the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract lining?

A

The mucosa, submucosa, muscularis propria and the serosa/adventitia

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29
Q

What are the three layers of the mucosa of the GI tract lining?

A

The epithelium, the lamina propria and the muscularis mucosae

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30
Q

When is the outermost layer of the GI tract lining serosa and when is it adventitia?

A

Inside the peritoneum- serosa Outside the peritoneum- adventitia

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31
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A transparent serous membrane that covers the abdominal wall and organs

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32
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the peritoneum and what does each cover?

A

The parietal peritoneum covers the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal organs

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33
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

A potential space between the two layers of the peritoneum

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34
Q

What are the two major divisions of the peritoneal cavity?

A

The lesser sac/lesser omentum and the greater sac/greater omentum

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35
Q

Which of the omenta lies anterior to the stomach and which of the omenta lies posterior to the stomach?

A

The greater omentum lies anterior to the stomach while the lesser omentum lies posterior to the stomach

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36
Q

What is the name of the passage between the two omentum?

A

The omental or epiploic foramen

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37
Q

What is meant by the term “retroperitoneal”?

A

An organ that is only covered with peritoneum on their anterior surface, and so firmly attached to the posterior wall

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38
Q

What is meant by the term “intraperitoneal”?

A

An organ that is completely surrounded in visceral peritoneum

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39
Q

Through what means are intraperitoneal organs attached to the posterior wall?

A

Through a mesentery

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40
Q

What is present in the peritoneal cavity?

A

A small amount of fluid

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41
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pressure, pain and temperature?

A

The parietal peritoneum

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42
Q

What are the attachments of the greater omentum?

A

The greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon

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43
Q

What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?

A

The liver and the lesser curvature of the stomach

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44
Q

What is the innervation of the parietal peritoneum?

A

T6-L1

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45
Q

What is the innervation of the visceral peritoneum?

A

Autonomic nerves

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46
Q

What muscles make up the posterior abdominal wall muscles?

A

Psoas major, iliacus and quadratus lumborum

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47
Q

What are the main vessels of the posterior wall of the abdomen?

A

The abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava

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48
Q

What are the nerves in the posterior wall of the abdomen?

A

The subcostal and lumbar spinal nerves

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49
Q

What organs are present in the posterior wall of the abdomen?

A

The kidneys, duodenum and colon

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50
Q

What are the three major hiatuses in the diaphragm and at what vertebral level does each occur?

A

Caval opening (IVC)- T8 Oesophageal hiatus- T10 Aortic hiatus- T12

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51
Q

What are the three main branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the gut tube?

A

The celiac, inferior mesenteric and superior mesenteric arteries

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52
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta divide into two common iliac arteries?

A

L4

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53
Q

How is the IVC formed in the abdomen?

A

It passes through the thoracic diaphragm

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54
Q

Which artery supplies the foregut?

A

The celiac artery

55
Q

Which artery supplies the midgut?

A

The superior mesenteric artery

56
Q

Which artery supplies the hindgut?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery

57
Q

What are the three main branches of the celiac artery?

A

The left gastric, hepatic and splenic arteries

58
Q

What are the main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

The ileocolic, right colic and middle colic arteries

59
Q

What are the main branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

The left colic, superior rectal and sigmoid arteries

60
Q

At what vertebral level do the celiac artery, SMA and IMA branch off the aorta?

A

Celiac artery- T12 Superior mesenteric artery- L1 Inferior mesenteric artery- L3

61
Q

Through what system does blood drain from the abdominal GI tract drain to the liver?

A

The hepatic portal venous system

62
Q

Which two veins unite to form the portal vein?

A

The inferior mesenteric vein and the superior mesenteric vein

63
Q

What are the four sites of portocaval anastamoses?

A

The distal oesophagus

The anorectal junction

The paraumbilical region

The colic veins

64
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal viscera?

A

The abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves, the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and the abdominal aortic plexus

65
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal viscera?

A

The anterior and posterior vagal trunks and the pelvic splanchnic nerves

66
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on GI secretion, motility and blood vessels?

A

It stimulates GI secretion and motility and causes vasodilation of the blood vessels

67
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on GI secretion, motility and blood vessels?

A

It inhibits GI secretion and motility and causes vasoconstriction

68
Q

At what vertebral levels do the kidneys lie?

A

T12-L3

69
Q

What vessels entering into the kidneys and which lies most anterior?

A

Renal artery, renal vein and ureter. Renal vein lies anterior to artery and ureter runs inferiorly to both

70
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located?

A

On the superiomedial aspect of the kidney

71
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

The expanded upper part of the ureter

72
Q

Where are the three constrictions of the ureter?

A

At the pelviureteric junction, across the brim of the pelvic inlet and through the wall of the urinary bladder

73
Q

Where does the liver lie in relation to the ribs?

A

Deep to ribs 7-11

74
Q

What are the three constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

The cervical, thoracic and diaphragmatic constrictions

75
Q

What structures traverse the oesophageal opening?

A

The oesophagus, vagal trunks, oesophageal branches of the left gastric vessels and the lymphatic vessels

76
Q

What is the blood supply and venous & lymphatic drainage of the abdominal part of the oesophagus?

A

Blood supply- branches of left gastric artery Venous drainage- left gastric vein Lymphatic drainage- Preaortic and coeliac nodes

77
Q

What are the two orifices/openings of the stomach?

A

The cardial orifice and the pyloric orifice

78
Q

What are the names of the two curvatures of the stomach?

A

The greater curvature and the lesser curvature

79
Q

What are the two surfaces of the stomach?

A

The anterior surface and the posterior surface

80
Q

What are the four main parts of the stomach?

A

The fundus, body, pylorus and the cardial part

81
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

A band of circular smooth muscle at the junction of the stomach and the duodenum

82
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

To control gastric emptying

83
Q

The pyloric sphincter is formed from the thickening of which layer of the gut tube?

A

The circular layer of the muscularis externa

84
Q

What are the gastric rugae formed from?

A

The gastric mucosa

85
Q

In which portions of the stomach are the rugae most apparent?

A

The pyloric part and the greater curve

86
Q

What are the primary groups of lymph nodes in the stomach?

A

Gastric lymph nodes Pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes Gastro-omental lymph nodes Pyloric lymph nodes Pancreatico-duodenal lymph nodes

87
Q

Which group of lymph nodes do the primary groups of lymph nodes of the stomach drain in to?

A

The celiac lymph nodes

88
Q

What effect does increased vagal activity have on the pylorus and gastric secretion?

A

Increased vagal activity increases both pyloric activity and gastric secretion

89
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

The duodenum, jejunum and the ileum

90
Q

Which part of the small intestine does the bile duct open into?

A

The second part of the duodenum

91
Q

Where is the boundary between the foregut and the midgut?

A

At the distal end of the duodenum

92
Q

How are the different parts of the small intestine peritonised?

A

Duodenum- first 2cm intraperitoneal, rest retroperitoneal Jejunum- intraperitoneal Ileum- intraperitoneal

93
Q

Which part of the small intestine is the shortest?

A

The duodenum

94
Q

Are the arterial loops of the small intestine more present in the jeunum or the ileum?

A

In the ileum

95
Q

What features are present in the large intestine that aren’t present in the small intestine?

A

The tenicae coli, haustra and omental appendices

96
Q

How are the different parts of the large intestine peritonised?

A

Caecum- intraperitoneal Ascedning colon- retroperitoneal Transverse colon- intraperitoneal Descending colon- retroperitoneal Sigmoid colon- intraperitoneal

97
Q

Where is the boundary between the midgut and the hindgut?

A

About two thirds of the way down the transverse colon

98
Q

What structures open into the cavity of the caecum?

A

The ileum and the appendix

99
Q

What is McBurney’s point?

A

The lowest point of the appendix, also site of most acute inflammation in appendicitis

100
Q

On which omentum are the hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments?

A

The lesser omentum

101
Q

What connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

The falciform ligament

102
Q

How many layers of peritoneum are present in the greater omentum?

A

Four

103
Q

What are the paracolic gutters?

A

They are grooves used for free communication

104
Q

Where are the paracolic gutters found in relation to the colon?

A

They are found between the lateral aspect of the ascending/descending colon and the posterior wall

105
Q

What type of muscle is the muscularis externa in the oesophagus?

A

Smooth

106
Q

What kind of epithelium is present in the mucosa of the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium

107
Q

What type of muscle is the muscularis mucosae in the oesophagus?

A

Smooth

108
Q

What kind of epithelium is present in the mucosa of the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar

109
Q

What type of muscle is the muscularis mucosae in the small intestine?

A

Smooth

110
Q

Where in the gut tube do glands extend beyond the muscularis mucosae?

A

The oesophagus and the duodenum

111
Q

Where is the transpyloric plane?

A

Halfway between the jugular notch and the pubic symphisis

112
Q

How is the spleen peritonised?

A

Intraperitoneal

113
Q

In which region of the abdomen is the spleen located?

A

The left hypochondriac

114
Q

What structures are present in the hilum of the spleen?

A

The gastrosplenic ligament, the splenic artery and the splenic vein

115
Q

The tail of which organ lies close to the hilum of the spleen?

A

The pancreas

116
Q

What are the main functions of the spleen?

A

Storage of red blood cells

Storage of platelets

Filtering blood

Phagocytosis

117
Q

What are the main parts of the pancreas?

A

The head, neck, body, tail and the ucinate process

118
Q

How is the pancreas related to the duodenum?

A

The head of the pancreas lies in the curve of the duodenum

119
Q

Where is the inferior mesenteric artery formed?

A

Posterior to the neck of the pancreas

120
Q

Into which part of the duodenum does the pancreatic duct open?

A

The minor duodenal papilla

121
Q

What are the two main lobes of the liver, visible anteriorly?

A

The right and left lobes

122
Q

What are the two, smaller lobes of the liver that are only visible posteriorly?

A

The caudate lobe (superior) and the quadrate lobe (inferior)

123
Q

What structures are present in the porta hepatis?

A

Hepatic portal vein Hepatic artery Hepatic nerve plexus Hepatic duct Lymphatic vessels

124
Q

Which fold of the omentum is wrapped around the porta hepatis?

A

The lesser omentum

125
Q

What does the extrahepatic biliary apparatus consist of?

A

Cystic duct

Common hepatic ducts

Gall bladder

Liver

Bile duct

126
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

In the liver

127
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

In the gallbladder

128
Q

Where does bile enter into the gut tube?

A

In the duodenum

129
Q

What vessels form Calot’s cystohepatic triangle?

A

The cystic duct, common hepatic duct and the inferior surface of the liver

130
Q

What is the main content of white and red pulp in the spleen?

A

White pulp- lymphatic tissue of white blood cells Red pulp- venous sinuses and splenic cords

131
Q

Which costal cartilage is the surface marking of the gallbladder?

A

Ninth

132
Q

Which ribs are related to the spleen?

A

9-11

133
Q

Which abdominal plane crosses the pancreas and what part of the pancreas does it cross?

A

The transpyloric plane, crossing the neck of the pancreas

134
Q
A

Anatomy (11 decks)

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