Neurology Flashcards
What bones form the orbits?
Ethmoid Lacrimal Frontal Sphenoid Zygomatic Maxillary Pallatine
What passes through the optic foramen?
The optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery
What passes through the cribriform plate?
Fibres of the olfactory nerve and the anterior ethmoidal nerves
What passes through the superior orbital fissure?
Occulomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve Abducent nerve Branch of the inferior ophthalmic vein
What passes through the foramen rotundum?
The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve
What passes through the foramen ovale?
The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
What passes through the foramen spinosum?
The middle meningeal artery
What passes through the foramen lacerum?
ICA lies on surface but only cartilage enters
What passes through the carotid canal?
The internal carotid artery
What passes through the internal acoustic foramen?
Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Vestibular ganglion
Labyrtinthine artery
What passes through the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve Accessory nerve Jugular bulb Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
What passes through the hypoglossal foramen?
Hypoglossal nerve
What passes through the foramen magnum?
Medulla and meninges
Spinal part of the accessory nerve
Spinal arteries
Vertebral arteries
What are the main contents of the orbits?
Eyeballs Extrinsic occular muscles Ligaments supporting the eye Optic nerve Branches of the internal carotid artery The lacrimal apparatus Orbital fat
What are the component parts of the outer fibrous layer of the eye?
The sclera and the cornea
What are the component parts of the middle vascular layer of the eye?
The ciliary body, the iris and the choroid
What are the component parts of the inner sensory layer of the eye?
The retina
What is the name given to the watery fluid in the anterior segment of the eye?
Aqueous humor
What is the name given to the gel in the posterior segment of the eye?
Vitreous humour
Where is aqueous humor produced?
From the ciliary body
What are the names of the intrinsic muscles of the eye?
The ciliaris, the constrictor pupillae and the dilator pupillae
What group of muscles are responsible for eye movements?
Extrinsic eye muscles
What are the names of the extrinsic eye muscles?
Superior rectus Inferior rectus Lateral rectus Medial rectus Superior oblique Inferior obliqe Levator palpebrae superioris
Describe the innervation of the rectus and oblique muscles of the eye
Lateral rectus innervated by abducent nerve
Superior oblique innervated by trochlear nerve
Medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique innervated by occulomotor nerve
THINK: SO4, LR6
Which is the only extrinsic muscle not to arise from the posterior aspect of the eyeball?
The inferior oblique
Which ligaments prevent over-adduction and over-abduction of the eye?
The medial and lateral check ligaments
What is the function of the medial and lateral check ligaments?
To prevent over-adduction and over-abduction of the eye
What is the function of the suspensory ligament of the eye?
It helps to stretch the lens
What branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the orbit and the eye?
The ophthalmic
What bones make up the ossicles and within what part of the ear are they found?
The malleus, incus and stapes
Found in the middle ear
What type of joint is found between the ossicles?
Synnovial
Which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?
The malleus
Which ossicle is in contact with the oval window?
The stapes
What muscles are related to the ossicles?
The tensor tympani and the stapedius
Within what part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner ear lie?
The petrous
What does the chorda tympani carry?
Parasympathetic efferent fibres to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Sensory fibres carrying sense of taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Where do the efferent lymphatics of the jugular lymph trunk drain into?
On the right side- internal jugular vein junction via right lymphatic duct
On the left side- thoracic duct
Which bone forms the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?
The sphenoid
Which bone forms the anterior and posterior boundaries of the middle cranial fossa?
The sphenoid
Which bones form the anterior and posterior boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa?
Anterior- temporal bone
Posterior- occipital bone
Into what foramen does the groove for the sigmoid sinus lead?
The jugular foramen
Within what bone is the sella turcica found?
The sphenoid
What processes are found on either side of the sella turcica?
The anterior and posterior clinoid processes
What bone do the pterygoid plates belong to?
The sphenoid
What muscles attach to the medial and lateral pterygoid plates?
Medial pterygoid plate- medial pterygoid muscle
Lateral pterygoid plate- lateral pterygoid muscle
What structures do the cerebral peduncles attach to?
The cerebrum and the midbrain
What structures do the three pairs of cerebellar peduncles attach to?
All attach to the cerebellum
Superior peduncle attaches to midbrain
Middle peduncle attaches to pons
Inferior peduncle attaches to medulla
Which cranial fossa does the brainstem lie in?
The posterior cranial fossa
Which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem?
The mesencephalon and the metencephalon
Which cavities of the ventricular system lie within the brainstem?
The third and fourth ventricles
What name us given to the groove that seperates the pons from the medulla?
The pontomedullary junction
Which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?
The abducens, facial and vestibulococchlear nerves
What fibres form the pyramids of the medulla?
Descedning fibres from the cerebral cortex
What is the function of the decussation of the pyramids of the medulla?
To allow for nerve decussation and form the lateral corticospinal tract
What is the function of the olive?
Involved in control of movement
Which is more superior- the open or closed part of the medulla?
The open part
What structure does the open part of the medulla open on to?
The fourth ventricle
Through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord
The foramen magnum
What is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of?
Transverse fibres of the pons
What parts of the brain lie immediately superior and inferior to the midbrain?
Superior- Hypothalamus
Inferior- Pons
What are the two component parts of the diencephalon?
The thalamus and the hypothalamus
Between what two parts of the brain does the diencephalon lie?
The midbrain and the corpus callosum
What is the name of the part of the hypothalamus that can be seen from the superficial surface of the brain?
The epithalamus, or pineal gland
What is the name of the structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres?
The vermis
Which ventricular space lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum?
The fourth ventricle
Which cranial fossa does the cerebellum come in contact with?
The posterior cranial fossa
Which cranial foramen lies inferior to the cerebellum?
The foramen magnum
What fissure seperates the two cerebral hemispheres?
The great longitudinal fissure
What structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
The corpus callosum
What type of nerve fibres are carried in the corpus callosum?
Comissural fibres
Which lobes are the following functional areas found in: Primary motor cortex? Primary visual cortex? Primary sensory cortex? Primary auditory cortex?
Primary motor cortex- frontal lobe
Primary visual cortex- occipital lobe
Primary sensory cortex- parietal lobe
Primary auditory cortex- temporal lobe
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults and in children?
Adults- L1
Children- L2/3
At what vertebral level does the dura mater terminate?
S2
At what vertebral level does the arachnoid mater terminate?
S2
From which arteries do the right and left vertebral arteries arise?
The right and left subcalvians
At what vertebral level do the left and right internal carotid arteries arise?
C3/4
How is the basilar artery formed?
Through the union of the vertebral arteries
Which fissure/sulcus does each of the cerebral arteries travel in?
Anterior cerebral artery- Median fissure
Middle cerebral artery- lateral sulcus
Posterior cerebral artery- ambient cistern
What artery supplies the primary motor cortex?
The anterior cerebral artery
What artery supplies the primary sensory cortex?
The posterior cerebral artery
What artery supplies the primary visual cortex?
The posterior cerebral artery
What artery supplies the primary auditory area?
The middle cerebral artery
What artery supplies the area for olfaction?
The middle cerebral artery
Which cranial nerve emerges from just above the superior cerebellar artery?
The occulomotor nerve
Into what vein do the dural venous sinuses drain?
The internal jugular vein
What veins drain into the cavernous sinus?
The ophthalmic and superficial middle cerebral veins
What structures in the skull base is the cavernous sinus in close relation to?
The sella turcica, sphenoid paranasal sinuses and the pituitary gland
Branches of which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?
The vertebral arteries
What fluid is found in the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What structures are found in the subarachnoid space?
The cerebral arteries and bridging cerebral veins
What structure separates the cerebral hemispheres?
The falx cerebri
What bony structures do the falx cerebri attach to?
The crista galli and the anterior frontal processes
Which dural venous sinus runs in the upper border of the falx cerebri?
The superior sagittal sinus
Which dural venous sinus runs along the lower border of the falx cerebri?
The transverse sinus
What structures lie on either side of the tentorium cerebelli?
The occipital lobes and the cerebellum
Where does the tentorium cerebelli attach anteriorly?
The clinoid processes of the sphenoid
What is the name of the dural fold that seperates the two cerebellar hemispheres?
The falx cerebelli
What is the name of the dural fold that surrounds the pituitary stalk?
The diaphragma sellae?
What is the arterial supply of the dura mater?
From branches of the internal carotid, external carotid and vertebral arteries
Where are the choroid plexuses found and what do they make?
Found in the ventricles of the brain and make cerebrospinal fluid
Where is CSF reabsorbed?
In the arachnoid granulations in the dural venous sinuses
