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Anatomy > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

What bones form the orbits?

A 
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
Frontal
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Maxillary
Pallatine
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2
Q

What passes through the optic foramen?

A

The optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery

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3
Q

What passes through the cribriform plate?

A

Fibres of the olfactory nerve and the anterior ethmoidal nerves

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4
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A 
Occulomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve
Abducent nerve
Branch of the inferior ophthalmic vein
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5
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

The maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve

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6
Q

What passes through the foramen ovale?

A

The mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

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7
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

The middle meningeal artery

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8
Q

What passes through the foramen lacerum?

A

ICA lies on surface but only cartilage enters

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9
Q

What passes through the carotid canal?

A

The internal carotid artery

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10
Q

What passes through the internal acoustic foramen?

A

Facial nerve
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Vestibular ganglion
Labyrtinthine artery

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11
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen?

A 
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Vagus nerve
Accessory nerve
Jugular bulb
Inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses
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12
Q

What passes through the hypoglossal foramen?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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13
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Medulla and meninges
Spinal part of the accessory nerve
Spinal arteries
Vertebral arteries

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14
Q

What are the main contents of the orbits?

A 
Eyeballs
Extrinsic occular muscles
Ligaments supporting the eye
Optic nerve
Branches of the internal carotid artery
The lacrimal apparatus
Orbital fat
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15
Q

What are the component parts of the outer fibrous layer of the eye?

A

The sclera and the cornea

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16
Q

What are the component parts of the middle vascular layer of the eye?

A

The ciliary body, the iris and the choroid

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17
Q

What are the component parts of the inner sensory layer of the eye?

A

The retina

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18
Q

What is the name given to the watery fluid in the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Aqueous humor

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19
Q

What is the name given to the gel in the posterior segment of the eye?

A

Vitreous humour

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20
Q

Where is aqueous humor produced?

A

From the ciliary body

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21
Q

What are the names of the intrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

The ciliaris, the constrictor pupillae and the dilator pupillae

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22
Q

What group of muscles are responsible for eye movements?

A

Extrinsic eye muscles

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23
Q

What are the names of the extrinsic eye muscles?

A 
Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
Lateral rectus
Medial rectus
Superior oblique
Inferior obliqe
Levator palpebrae superioris
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24
Q

Describe the innervation of the rectus and oblique muscles of the eye

A

Lateral rectus innervated by abducent nerve
Superior oblique innervated by trochlear nerve
Medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique innervated by occulomotor nerve
THINK: SO4, LR6

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25
Q

Which is the only extrinsic muscle not to arise from the posterior aspect of the eyeball?

A

The inferior oblique

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26
Q

Which ligaments prevent over-adduction and over-abduction of the eye?

A

The medial and lateral check ligaments

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27
Q

What is the function of the medial and lateral check ligaments?

A

To prevent over-adduction and over-abduction of the eye

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28
Q

What is the function of the suspensory ligament of the eye?

A

It helps to stretch the lens

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29
Q

What branch of the internal carotid artery supplies the orbit and the eye?

A

The ophthalmic

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30
Q

What bones make up the ossicles and within what part of the ear are they found?

A

The malleus, incus and stapes

Found in the middle ear

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31
Q

What type of joint is found between the ossicles?

A

Synnovial

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32
Q

Which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane?

A

The malleus

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33
Q

Which ossicle is in contact with the oval window?

A

The stapes

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34
Q

What muscles are related to the ossicles?

A

The tensor tympani and the stapedius

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35
Q

Within what part of the temporal bone do the middle and inner ear lie?

A

The petrous

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36
Q

What does the chorda tympani carry?

A

Parasympathetic efferent fibres to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Sensory fibres carrying sense of taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

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37
Q

Where do the efferent lymphatics of the jugular lymph trunk drain into?

A

On the right side- internal jugular vein junction via right lymphatic duct
On the left side- thoracic duct

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38
Q

Which bone forms the posterior boundary of the anterior cranial fossa?

A

The sphenoid

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39
Q

Which bone forms the anterior and posterior boundaries of the middle cranial fossa?

A

The sphenoid

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40
Q

Which bones form the anterior and posterior boundaries of the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Anterior- temporal bone

Posterior- occipital bone

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41
Q

Into what foramen does the groove for the sigmoid sinus lead?

A

The jugular foramen

42
Q

Within what bone is the sella turcica found?

A

The sphenoid

43
Q

What processes are found on either side of the sella turcica?

A

The anterior and posterior clinoid processes

44
Q

What bone do the pterygoid plates belong to?

A

The sphenoid

45
Q

What muscles attach to the medial and lateral pterygoid plates?

A

Medial pterygoid plate- medial pterygoid muscle

Lateral pterygoid plate- lateral pterygoid muscle

46
Q

What structures do the cerebral peduncles attach to?

A

The cerebrum and the midbrain

47
Q

What structures do the three pairs of cerebellar peduncles attach to?

A

All attach to the cerebellum
Superior peduncle attaches to midbrain
Middle peduncle attaches to pons
Inferior peduncle attaches to medulla

48
Q

Which cranial fossa does the brainstem lie in?

A

The posterior cranial fossa

49
Q

Which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem?

A

The mesencephalon and the metencephalon

50
Q

Which cavities of the ventricular system lie within the brainstem?

A

The third and fourth ventricles

51
Q

What name us given to the groove that seperates the pons from the medulla?

A

The pontomedullary junction

52
Q

Which cranial nerves emerge from the pontomedullary junction?

A

The abducens, facial and vestibulococchlear nerves

53
Q

What fibres form the pyramids of the medulla?

A

Descedning fibres from the cerebral cortex

54
Q

What is the function of the decussation of the pyramids of the medulla?

A

To allow for nerve decussation and form the lateral corticospinal tract

55
Q

What is the function of the olive?

A

Involved in control of movement

56
Q

Which is more superior- the open or closed part of the medulla?

A

The open part

57
Q

What structure does the open part of the medulla open on to?

A

The fourth ventricle

58
Q

Through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord

A

The foramen magnum

59
Q

What is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of?

A

Transverse fibres of the pons

60
Q

What parts of the brain lie immediately superior and inferior to the midbrain?

A

Superior- Hypothalamus

Inferior- Pons

61
Q

What are the two component parts of the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and the hypothalamus

62
Q

Between what two parts of the brain does the diencephalon lie?

A

The midbrain and the corpus callosum

63
Q

What is the name of the part of the hypothalamus that can be seen from the superficial surface of the brain?

A

The epithalamus, or pineal gland

64
Q

What is the name of the structure connecting the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

The vermis

65
Q

Which ventricular space lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum?

A

The fourth ventricle

66
Q

Which cranial fossa does the cerebellum come in contact with?

A

The posterior cranial fossa

67
Q

Which cranial foramen lies inferior to the cerebellum?

A

The foramen magnum

68
Q

What fissure seperates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

The great longitudinal fissure

69
Q

What structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

The corpus callosum

70
Q

What type of nerve fibres are carried in the corpus callosum?

A

Comissural fibres

71
Q 
Which lobes are the following functional areas found in:
Primary motor cortex?
Primary visual cortex?
Primary sensory cortex?
Primary auditory cortex?
A

Primary motor cortex- frontal lobe
Primary visual cortex- occipital lobe
Primary sensory cortex- parietal lobe
Primary auditory cortex- temporal lobe

72
Q

At what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in adults and in children?

A

Adults- L1

Children- L2/3

73
Q

At what vertebral level does the dura mater terminate?

A

S2

74
Q

At what vertebral level does the arachnoid mater terminate?

A

S2

75
Q

From which arteries do the right and left vertebral arteries arise?

A

The right and left subcalvians

76
Q

At what vertebral level do the left and right internal carotid arteries arise?

A

C3/4

77
Q

How is the basilar artery formed?

A

Through the union of the vertebral arteries

78
Q

Which fissure/sulcus does each of the cerebral arteries travel in?

A

Anterior cerebral artery- Median fissure
Middle cerebral artery- lateral sulcus
Posterior cerebral artery- ambient cistern

79
Q

What artery supplies the primary motor cortex?

A

The anterior cerebral artery

80
Q

What artery supplies the primary sensory cortex?

A

The posterior cerebral artery

81
Q

What artery supplies the primary visual cortex?

A

The posterior cerebral artery

82
Q

What artery supplies the primary auditory area?

A

The middle cerebral artery

83
Q

What artery supplies the area for olfaction?

A

The middle cerebral artery

84
Q

Which cranial nerve emerges from just above the superior cerebellar artery?

A

The occulomotor nerve

85
Q

Into what vein do the dural venous sinuses drain?

A

The internal jugular vein

86
Q

What veins drain into the cavernous sinus?

A

The ophthalmic and superficial middle cerebral veins

87
Q

What structures in the skull base is the cavernous sinus in close relation to?

A

The sella turcica, sphenoid paranasal sinuses and the pituitary gland

88
Q

Branches of which arteries fuse to form the anterior spinal artery?

A

The vertebral arteries

89
Q

What fluid is found in the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

90
Q

What structures are found in the subarachnoid space?

A

The cerebral arteries and bridging cerebral veins

91
Q

What structure separates the cerebral hemispheres?

A

The falx cerebri

92
Q

What bony structures do the falx cerebri attach to?

A

The crista galli and the anterior frontal processes

93
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs in the upper border of the falx cerebri?

A

The superior sagittal sinus

94
Q

Which dural venous sinus runs along the lower border of the falx cerebri?

A

The transverse sinus

95
Q

What structures lie on either side of the tentorium cerebelli?

A

The occipital lobes and the cerebellum

96
Q

Where does the tentorium cerebelli attach anteriorly?

A

The clinoid processes of the sphenoid

97
Q

What is the name of the dural fold that seperates the two cerebellar hemispheres?

A

The falx cerebelli

98
Q

What is the name of the dural fold that surrounds the pituitary stalk?

A

The diaphragma sellae?

99
Q

What is the arterial supply of the dura mater?

A

From branches of the internal carotid, external carotid and vertebral arteries

100
Q

Where are the choroid plexuses found and what do they make?

A

Found in the ventricles of the brain and make cerebrospinal fluid

101
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

In the arachnoid granulations in the dural venous sinuses

Anatomy (11 decks)

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