Reproductive

Question 1

What are gonads?

Answer 1

Reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones

Question 2

What is the pathway of spermatozoa?

Answer 2

Seminiferous tubules to epididymis to vas deferens to ejaculatory duct to urethra

Question 3

What is the epididymis?

Answer 3

Monitors fluid secretions by seminiferous tubules.
Recycles damaged spermatozoa.
Stores and protects spermatozoa.
Site of spermatozoa maturation.

Question 4

What is the vas deferens?

Answer 4

Helps propel sperm into ejaculatory duct via peristaltic contractions

Question 5

What is histology of fallopian tubes?

Answer 5

Ciliated columnar epithelium and smooth muscle that transports oocyte along the tube

Question 6

What is a testicular lobule?

Answer 6

Contains seminiferous tubules, site of spermatogenesis.

Question 7

What are interstitial cells of Leydig?

Answer 7

Secrete testosterone in response to LH

Question 8

What are the coverings of testes?

Answer 8

1. Tunica vaginalis: superficial, derived from peritoneum.

2. Tunica albuginea.

Question 9

What is the dartos muscle?

Answer 9

Smooth muscle in dermis of scrotum, elevates testes and causes wrinkled scrotum

Question 10

What is cremaster muscle?

Answer 10

Skeletal muscle, tenses scrotum and pulls testes closer to body (temperature regulation)

Question 11

What is mitosis?

Answer 11

Part of somatic cell division, produces 2 diploid daughter cells

Question 12

What is a zygote?

Answer 12

Fertilized egg

Question 13

What is process of spermiogenesis?

Answer 13

1. Spermatogonium
Mitosis
2. Primary spermatocyte
Meiosis I
3. Secondary spermatocyte
Meiosis II
4. Spermatid
Spermiogenesis
5. Spermatozoa

Question 14

Anatomy of a spermatozoon?

Answer 14

1. Head (nucleus and acrosome)
2. Neck (contains centrioles)
3. Middle piece (mitochondria in spiral around microtubules)
4. Tail/flagellum (Moves in whiplike, corkscrew motion)

Question 15

What are the contents of semen?

Answer 15

1. Spermatozoa (20-100 million per mL)
2. Seminal fluid (Lots of fructose, alkaline, Seminal gland 60%, prostate gland 30%, bulbourethral gland 5%)
3. Enzymes (dissolve mucus, muscle contraction, antibiotic, clot/un-clot semen)

Question 16

What is role of FSH in men?

Answer 16

Stimulates nurse cells (Sertoli) in spermatogenesis

Question 17

What is role of LH in men?

Answer 17

Stimulates interstitial cells (Leydig) to secrete testosterone

Question 18

What is role of GnRH in men?

Answer 18

Stimulates FSH and LH secretion

Question 19

What is role of Testosterone in men?

Answer 19

Establish and maintain male secondary sex characteristics, and sexual behavior. Promote maturation of spermatozoa. Inhibit GnRH

Question 20

What is the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

Answer 20

1. Begins on first day of menstruation. Begins when FSH stimulates secondary follicle to tertiary follicle.
2. As follicle grows and secretes more estrogen, the estrogen (and inhibin) inhibits FSH and LH. However, estrogen increases to the point that it STIMULATES LH secretion.
3. Around day 14, massive surge in LH stimulates ovulation, which is the end of follicular phase

Question 21

What is the luteal phase of ovarian cycle?

Answer 21

Postovulatory phase.

1. Empty tertiary follicle collapses, LH turns it into corpus luteum.
2. Corpus luteum secretes progesterone (and some estrogen), which prepares uterus for pregnancy
3. Corpus luteum degenerates 12 days after ovulation (unless fertilization occurs). Decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels stimulates GnRH to stimulate more FSH, will starts a new cycle

Question 22

Why is the suspensory ligament significant to the ovary?

Answer 22

It brings the ovarian artery, ovary vein, and ovarian nerve plexus to the ovary.

Question 23

What are two layers of endometrium?

Answer 23

1. Functional layer: uterine glands that change thickness/structure during uterine cycle
2. Basal layer: attaches endometrium to myometrium (stays constant)

Question 24

What is structure of uterine (fallopian) tube?

Answer 24

1. Infundibulum: closest to ovary, contains fimbriae
2. Ampulla: where fertilization typically happens
3. Isthmus: opens to uterine cavity

Question 25

What are 3 stages of uterine cycle?

Answer 25

1. Menses: Degeneration and shedding of endometrial layer, constriction of spiral arteries
2. Proliferative phase: Estrogens secreted by developing ovarian follicles stimulate functional layer growth of endometrium.
3. Secretory phase: Progesterone and estrogen stimulate functional layer growth to prepare for pregnancy. Persists until corpus luteum atresia

Question 26

What is blood supply to uterus?

Answer 26

1. Uterine artery and vein
2. Ovarian artery and vein
3. Myometrium supply: arcuate, radial, basal arteries
4. Endometrial supply: Spiral arteries

Question 27

What are the 4 “arches”?

Answer 27

1. Adrenarche: Prior to puberty
2. Thelarche: breast development
3. Pubarche: axillary and pubic hair development
4. Menarche: first menstrual period

Question 28

Terminal duct lobular unit?

Answer 28

Lobules made up of many acini (produce milk), drain into smaller ducts, bigger ducts (intralobular duct), bigger ducts (extralobular duct), nipple.

Question 29

Mammogenesis

Answer 29

Breast growth and development (estrogen for growth of acini)
Progesterone for maturing acini.

Question 30

Lactogenesis

Answer 30

Initiation of milk secretion (sharp drop in progesterone with delivery of fetus increases prolactin and low estrogen environment)

Question 31

Galactokinesis

Answer 31

Ejection of milk (oxytocin, myoepithelial cells contract, propel milk into terminal ducts)

Question 32

Galactopoiesis

Answer 32

Maintenance of established milk production (requires suckling which increases prolactin)

Question 33

Involution

Answer 33

Termination of milk production